Moja lekcja

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término definición
booklet
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small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
novel
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a long written story about imaginary or partly imaginary characters and events
forecast
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a prediction of the future
broadcast
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transmission
bulletin
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a short news broadcast
coverage
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news about something on television or radio or in the newspapers
edition
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version, specific issue
mass media
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Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.
campaign
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A series of actions intended to accomplish a goal
brochure
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small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.
subliminal messages
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Words or pictures that are not consciously perceived but may nevertheless influence people's judgments, attitudes, and behaviors
to negate
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to deny
glued to
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Giving all his attention to
sensationalize
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to write or talk about an event in a way that makes it seem as exciting and shocking as possible
on average
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not special or unusual; oridinary
increasingly
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more and more
fiction
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A story that is not true or is made up
illegible
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difficult to read
gist
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the main point/idea
unprintable
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too offensive or shocking to be published
literature
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written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit.
shorthand
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a quick way of writing that uses symbols to represent letters, words, or phrases, used especially when you write what someone is saying as they are talking
illiterate
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unable to read or write
prose
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written language in its ordinary form rather than poetry
manuscript
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the original copy of a book or article before it is printed
outline
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the main shape or edge of something, without any details
reporting
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articles in newspapers or on television about particular subjects
circulation
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the number of copies of a newspaper or magazine that are sold every day, week, or month (nakład)
out of print
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no longer available to buy because new copies are no longer being produced
correspondent
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a person employed by a newspaper, a television station, etc. to report on a particular subject or send reports from a foreign country
journalist
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a person who writes news stories or articles for a newspaper or magazine or broadcasts them on radio or television
output
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the amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry
publication
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a published work
banning
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the act of forbidding something
censorship
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the banning of printed materials or films due to alarming or offensive ideas
intended
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planned or meant
target
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a person who is the object of an intentional action
population
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all the people living in a particular country, area, or place
public
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community
calmly
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in a quiet and peaceful manner
blankly
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without expression or understanding
spoonful
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as much as a spoon can hold
headlong
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With great speed or force; reckless
terrifying
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very frightening
controversial
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causing disagreement or discussion
unacceptable
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not acceptable
implication
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an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
interpretation
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an explanation or opinion of what something means
subconscious
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not fully aware
encouragement
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the act of giving hope or support to someone
lifeless
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martwy, bez życia
lifelong
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dożywotni, na całe życie
long-life
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o przedłużonej trwałości
lowlife
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podlec, zwyrodnialec
love life
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życie miłosne
life lessons
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lekcje życia
lust for life
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chęć do życia
the love of my life
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miłość mojego życia
loss of life
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utrata życia, tu: ofiary w ludziach
a new lease of life
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nowe życie
lifelong learning
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nauka przez całe życie
live a life of luxury
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wieść luksusowe życie
live life in the fast lane
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wieść życie na pełne wrażeń (często też niebezpieczeństwa)
lay down my life
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oddać swoje życie
larger than life
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larger than life
leading a double life
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prowadzić podwójne życie
when life gives you lemons, make lemonade
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widzieć pozytywy w negatywnej sytuacji
shelf life
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okres przydatności
after life
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życie po śmierci
life force
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siła życia
still life
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martwa natura
real life
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prawdziwe życie
full of life
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pełen życia
obituaries
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descriptions of the lives of people who have just died
leader/editorial
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an article giving the newspaper editor's opinion
classified ads
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pages of advertisements in different categories
supplements
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separate magazines included with the newspaper
feature
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an article or set of articles devoted to a particular topic
agony column
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section in a paper or magazine that deal with readers' private emotional problems
agony aunt
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person, typically a woman, who answers letters in the agony column
pamphlet
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a small book dealing with specific topic, often political
leaflet
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single sheet or folded sheets of paper giving information about something
brochure
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small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information, often about travel, or a company, etc.
prospectus
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small, thin book like a magazine, which gives information about a school, college or university, or a company
flyer
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single sheet giving information about some event, special offer, etc., often given out in the street
booklet
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small thin book with a soft cover, often giving information about something
manual
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book of detailed instructions how to use something
book spine
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The part of the book where all the pages are joined together (grzbiet książki)
book jacket
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a removable paper cover, usually illustrated, for protecting the binding of a book and usually giving information about the book and the author
subscription
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a payment for consecutive issues of a newspaper or magazine for a given period of time
foreword
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Before Chapter I, there is a brief foreword in which the author explains why he wrote the book.
magazine issue
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edition, publication
binder
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holder, folder (segregator)
edition
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version, specific issue
quarterly
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every three months
ghost writer
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a person who writes for another without getting the credit
desktop publishing
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published using a home computer to design it
facsimile
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an exact copy
to list
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To make a record of short pieces of information
expose
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to put something out for others to see
draw attention to
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to make someone notice something
to give the lowdown on
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to present the most important informations about somehting
packed with
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filled with/full of
small print
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text in a formal agreement that is printed smaller than the rest of the text, sometimes in the hope that it will not be noticed
dumbing down
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the act of making something simpler and easier for people to understand, especially in order to make it more popular
fake news
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false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke
going viral
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used to describe something that quickly becomes very popular or well known by being published on the internet or sent from person to person by email, phone, etc.
clickbait
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articles, photographs, etc. on the internet that are intended to attract attention and encourage people to click on links to particular websites
echo chamber
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a situation in which people only hear opinions of one type, or opinions that are similar to their own:
filter bubble
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a situation in which someone only hears or sees news and information that supports what they already believe and like, especially a situation created on the internet as a result of algorithms (= sets of rules) that choose the results of someone's searches
listicles
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a newspaper, magazine, or online article that is in the form of a list
Fifteen Minutes of Fame
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a brief period when someone becomes famous for something unimportant
stifling (to stifle)
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to cut off, hold back, or smother (?)
pressure groups
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people trying to influence what other people think about a particular issue
to air views
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to express opinion
seek publicity
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want to reach a wider audience
press conference
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meetings to give information to and answer questions from the press
issue a statement/press release
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give a formal announcement to the press
sound bite
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short memorable sentence or phrase that will be repeated in news bulletins and articles
silly season
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time of year, when there is not much happening and trivial stories end up on the front page
tapping useful sources
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making use of people or organisations which regularly provide news
monitoring
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regularly checking
column inch
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space
put their own gloss/spin on a story
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present a story in a particular way
muck-raking
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collecting scandal (informal and disapproving)
a rag
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a newspaper or magazine that is considered to be of bad quality
the gutter press
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the type of newspapers that pay more attention to shocking stories about crime and sex than to serious matters
a glossy
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expensive magazine printed on good quality paper
a copy
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a copy
a deadline
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A date or time when a project, report, or assignment must be finished.
goes to press
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it starts to be printed
stop press column
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a place in a newspaper where very recent pieces of news are printed
hot of the press
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a very new newspaper or story
an exclusive
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a story that is only to be found in one newspaper
a scoop
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a story discovered and published by one newspaper before all the others
hit the headlines
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get a lot of publicity from the media
story breaks
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becomes public knowledge
receive a lot of coverage
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receive a lot of space in the press
libel
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written defamation
defamation of character
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wrongfully hurting a person's good reputation
back copies
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previous issues of newspapers
newspaper cuttings
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newspaper cuttings
innovative
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original and interesting
unsurpassed
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the best there is
leave other cars standing
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are much better than other cars
put/leave other candidates in the shade
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make candidates seem insignificant
rock-bottom prices
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extremely low
slashed
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dramatically reduced
bargains galore
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a huge number of products on sale at ridiculously low prices
pamper yourself
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treat yourself to something luxurious
indulge yourself
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allow yourself something enjoyable
sumptuous
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costly, rich, magnificent (food and furnishing)
opulent
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rich, luxurious; wealthy (lifestyle)
in the lap of luxury
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in a very luxurious way
scientifically designed
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designed with scientific methods (?)
proven
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shown by research
state-of-the-art
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using the latest technology
stand out in the crowd
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to be noticed
tantalisingly
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temptingly
fetching / alluring
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attractive
alliteration
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repetition of a sound
billboards
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very large boards used for advertising
flyers
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sheets of printed information advertising something
trailers
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brief excerpts from a film, TV or radio programme which are used to advertise it
sky-writing
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words written in the sky using smoke from a plane
sandwich board
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advertising posters hung at the back and front of a person who then walks around a busy area
to plug
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to advertise/promote (a product, etc.)
the Anthropocene
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the modern geological era during which humans have dramatically affected the environment
climate change
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changes in the world's weather, it is getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
the climate crisis
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serious problems that are being caused or likely to be caused by changes in the world's weather
fossil fuels
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fuels, such as gas, coal, and oil, that were formed underground from plant and animal remains millions of years ago
carbon/water footprint
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Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.
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The water footprint measures the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use.
carbon capture
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a way of collecting the carbon produced when fuel is burned, so that it is not released into the air
climate engineering
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also known as "geoengineering," it is the intentional large-scale intervention in the Earth's climate system to counter climate change
a wind farm/turbine
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a group of wind turbines that are used for producing electricity
a solar panel
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a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity
wave power
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is the capture of energy of wind waves to do useful work - for example, electricity generation, water desalination, or pumping water
tidal power
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is harnessed by converting energy from tides into useful forms of power, mainly electricity using various methods
a fuel cell
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a device that changes the chemical energy from a fuel into electricity
fusion
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a technique of joining atoms in a reaction that produces energy
factory farming
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a system of farming in which a lot of animals are kept in a small closed area, in order to produce a large amount of meat, eggs, or milk as cheaply as possible
vertical farming
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the activity of growing crops in tall buildings with many floors
cultured meat
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meat produced by in vitro cell culture of animal cells, instead of from slaughtered animals
organic food
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the practice of growing crops without pesticides or chemical fertilizers
slow food
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good food that is prepared and cooked carefully
a doomsday scenario
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an extremely serious or dangerous situation that could end in death or destruction
living off the grid
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livinf without the connection to the public supply of electricity, gas, etc.
de-extinction
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process of generating an organism that is either an extinct species or resembles an extinct species
genome sequencing
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the process of determining the complete DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time
genetic
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belonging or relating to genes received by each animal or plant from its parents
engineering/modification
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a change to something, usually to improve it
gene editing
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the process of changing genes using scientific methods, in order to cure or prevent disease
gene therapy
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the science of changing genes in order to stop or prevent a disease
a designer baby
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a baby whose genes have been chosen by its parents and doctors so that it has particular characteristics
cloning
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the process of creating an exact copy of a plant or animal by using its cells
an artificial uterus
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a device that would allow for extracorporeal pregnancy by growing a fetus outside the body of an organism that would normally carry the fetus to term
a brain transplant
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it's a procedure in which the brain of one organism is transplanted into the body of another organism.
printed organs
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a computer model is fed into a printer that lays down successive layers of plastics or wax until a 3D object is produced
grown-to-order organs
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grown on demand
artificial intelligence
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the study of how to produce machines that have some of the qualities that the human mind has, such as the ability to understand language, recognize pictures, solve problems, and learn
facial recognition
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technology that makes it possible for a computer to recognize a digital image of someone's face
a deepfake
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a video or sound recording that replaces someone's face or voice with that of someone else, in a way that appears real
de-aging
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it's a visual effects technique used to make an actor look younger, especially for flashback scenes
augmented reality
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images produced by a computer and used together with a view of the real world
the (technology) singularity
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a hypothetical point in time at which technological growth becomes uncontrollable and irreversible, resulting in unforeseeable changes to human civilization
quantum computing
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the use of quantum phenomena such as superposition and entanglement to perform computation.
the Cloud
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is a model of computer data storage in which the digital data is stored in logical pools, said to be on "the cloud"
net neutrality
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the principle that the companies that provide services on the internet should make all information equally available to users, and not make any particular service, website, etc. cheaper or faster to use than any other
big data
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very large sets of data that are produced by people using the internet, and that can only be stored, understood, and used with the help of special tools and methods
the internet of things
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objects with computing devices in them that are able to connect to each other and exchange data using the internet
a smart home
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refers to a convenient home setup where appliances and devices can be automatically controlled remotely from anywhere with an internet connection using a mobile or other networked device
a smart city
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an urban area that uses different types of electronic methods and sensors to collect data.
the darknet
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a computer network that uses the internet but can only be joined by people who have permission or who have the right software
nomophobia
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fear or worry at the idea of being without your mobile phone or unable to use it
FOMO
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Fear of Missing Out
infinite scrolling
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a web-design technique that loads content continuously as the user scrolls down the page, eliminating the need for pagination
phishing
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an attempt to trick someone into giving information over the internet or by email that would allow someone else to take money from them, for example by taking money out of their bank account
cryptocurrency
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a digital currency produced by a public network, rather than any government, that uses cryptography to make sure payments are sent and received safely
blockchain
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a system used to make a digital record of all the occasions a cryptocurrency is bought or sold, and that is constantly growing as more blocks are added
universal translator
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a device common to many science fiction works, especially on television, the translator's purpose is to offer an instant translation of any language
a smart TV
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a television on which you can also use the internet
a home assistant
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a brand name for a computer program that can be used to control devices in your home such as lights and heating
smart glasses
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a pair of glasses that contain computer technology so that, for example, they can be used in a similar way to a smartphone, or you can get information added to what you are seeing as you look through them
planned obsolescence
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a situation in which goods are deliberately made or designed so that they do not last for a long period of time
the right to repair
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legal concept that allows consumers to repair the products they buy or choose their own service providers instead of going through the manufacturer
Satnav
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abbreviation for satellite navigation: a system of computers and satellites, used in vehicles and other places to tell you where something is, where you are, or how to get to a place
self-driving vehicles
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a vehicle that is capable of sensing its environment and moving safely with little or no human input
a flying car
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a type of personal air vehicle or roadable aircraft that provides door-to-door transportation by both ground and air
an e-plane
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it's a reference plane for linearly polarized waveguides, antennas and other microwave devices
an unmanned aerial vehicle
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an aircraft without a human pilot on board
a jetpack
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a device worn on the back that uses gas or water to push someone into the air, especially an astronaut
maglev
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short for magnetic levitation: an advanced type of transport system in which a train travels on a magnetic track, often at very high speeds
a hyperloop
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a sealed tube or system of tubes with low air pressure through which a pod may travel substantially free of air resistance or friction
supersonic transport
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a civilian supersonic aircraft designed to transport passengers at speeds greater than the speed of sound
teleportation
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the act of travelling by an imaginary very fast form of transport that uses special technology or special mental powers, or of causing someone or something to travel in this way
interplanetary/interstellar
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between planets/stars
travel
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to make a journey, usually over a long distance
suspended animation
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a state in which life in a body is temporarily slowed down or stopped
cryogenics
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the scientific study of very low temperatures and how to produce them
nanotechnology
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an area of science that deals with developing and producing extremely small tools and machines by controlling the arrangement of separate atoms
graphene
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a form of carbon consisting of sheets that have the thickness of one atom. The atoms are arranged in a honeycomb pattern
3D printing
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the process of printing a solid object from a digital model by printing many separate layers of the object
robotisation
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the introduction of robots to carry out industrial tasks
soft robotics
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specific subfield of robotics dealing with constructing robots from highly compliant materials, similar to those found in living organisms
technological unemployment
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the loss of jobs caused by technological change
lidar
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a method for measuring distances by illuminating the target with laser light and measuring the reflection with a sensor
to teeter
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move or balance unsteadily; sway back and forth
to tee off
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start or launch an event (?)
incurable
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not able to be cured
to pave the way
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open up opportunities, to make something possible
a downside
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a disadvantage of a situation
way faster
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quicker
to some extent
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partly
to outperform sb
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be more successful than.
opinionated
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stubborn and often unreasonable in holding to one's own ideas, having a closed mind
biased
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bias; showing an unreasonable like or dislike for a person based on personal opinions
to flunk a class
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to fail a class
to be fined
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to make somebody pay money as an official punishment
to live with a decision
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to live with a decision
a slippery slope
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a bad situation or habit that, after it has started, is likely to get very much worse
be accountable
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being officially responsible for something
dignity
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calm, serious, and controlled behaviour that makes people respect you
friend or foe?
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A person who is both a friend and enemy
to alter sth
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to change something, usually slightly, or to cause the characteristics of something to change
with hindsight
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the ability to understand an event or situation only after it has happened
a waste of space
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a person or thing that is not useful or helpful
to go _____ (e.g. "Skynet")
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to go _____ (eg "Skynet")
disdainful
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showing that someone does not like someone or something and thinks that they do not deserve interest or respect
mere (human beings)
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used to emphasize how strongly someone feels about something or how extreme a situation is
just in case
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to protect against something bad that could happen
a foible
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a strange habit or characteristic that is seen as not important and not harming anyone
to use sth against sb
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to use sth against sb
an overlord
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a person in a position of power, especially in the past
to worship
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to love, respect, and admire someone or something very much, often without noticing the bad qualities of that person or thing
upfront
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speaking or behaving in a way that makes intentions and beliefs clear
input
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Something put into a system, such as resources, in order to achieve a result.
collaboration
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the situation of two or more people working together to create or achieve the same thing
it takes a village
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a lot of people (?)
legislation /ˌledʒ.əˈsleɪ.ʃən/
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law-making (a person = legislator, verb = to legislate)
Members of Parliament (MPs)
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Elected members of the British or other parliament.
assiduously /əˈsɪdʒ.u.əs.li/
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in a steady and hard-working way (sumiennie)
constituents
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people who elected one MP (as a group = constituency)
lobbies
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people who try to influence MPs (verb = lobby)
corporations
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large companies (adj = corporate)
Institute of Directors
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organisation of top business people
ministers
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MPs with top responsibilities, e.g. for health, education
civil servant / the Civil Service
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people employed in government department
lobbyists
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someone who tries to persuade a politician or official group to do something
Chancellor of the Exchequer /eksˈtʃek.ɚ/
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finance minister (UK)
annual budget
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yearly financial plan (of tax rates, etc.)
petition
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a formal request signed by lots of people
tax concession
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a reduction in taxes (verb = concede)
producer, manufacturer
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a person or business that makes sth
centralised
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concentrated in one central organisation (noun = centralisation)
close-knit
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with close ties to each other
well-funded
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with plenty of financial support
consumers
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People who buy and use goods and services.
scattered
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dispersed; spread out or separated widely
fragmented
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separate; not centralised
backstairs (pressure, deals)
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secret and usually dishonest or illegal; hidden from the public
concealed
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hidden
Friends of the Earth
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large environmental organisation
Child Poverty Action Group
empezar lección
large organisation helping children
paid-up members
empezar lección
people who have paid their membership fees, i.e. committed members
relentlessly /rɪˈlent.ləs.li/
empezar lección
in an extreme way that continues without stopping; menacing
deputations
empezar lección
people sent to speak for a group
intimidate
empezar lección
To frighten, especially by threatening someone
counter
empezar lección
to oppose
grievance /ˈɡriː.vəns/
empezar lección
complaint about unfair treatment
appeal to
empezar lección
request support from
red tape
paperwork
empezar lección
formalities
official procedure; bureaucracy
parish
empezar lección
A local church community. (parafia albo gmina)
encircle
empezar lección
to surround or form a circle around
commerce
empezar lección
the activities involved in buying and selling things
mass-produced
empezar lección
made in large quantities
constituency
empezar lección
area represented by one MP
petitioner
empezar lección
person signing a formal request
consumption
empezar lección
amount purchased, used or eaten
pressuries
empezar lección
to try to force someone to do something
representative
empezar lección
person standing for the interests of a group
to inluence
empezar lección
to affect
a climax
empezar lección
most important or exciting point
to press for
empezar lección
to argue in favour of (to press for reform, to press for change)
negotiation
empezar lección
The settling of a dispute through discussion
self-sufficiency
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The ability of a country or person to support themselves without outside help
immunization
empezar lección
A means of protecting people against some diseases
recycling
empezar lección
Collection of raw materials so that they can be used again
subsidy
empezar lección
Money given by a government to lower the prices of e.g. basic foods
irrigation
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A system of distributing water to places which need it for agriculture
charity
empezar lección
An organization which collects money from the public and uses it to help people in need
consumption
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the act of using, eating, or drinking something
renewable
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able to be created again
rainfall
empezar lección
rain, or the amount of rain that falls
shortages
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a situation in which there is not enough of something
ecological
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relating to ecology (= the relationship between living things and their environment) or the environment
wildlife
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animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions
extinction
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a situation in which something no longer exists
deforestation
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the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people
endangered
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in danger of becoming extinct
intervention
empezar lección
the action of becoming intentionally involved in a difficult situation, in order to improve it or prevent it from getting worse
household
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a group of people, often a family, who live together
harmful
empezar lección
causing harm
pesticides
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a chemical substance used to kill harmful insects, small animals, wild plants, and other unwanted organisms
production
empezar lección
the process of making or growing goods to be sold
poisonous
empezar lección
very harmful and able to cause illness or death
climatic
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relating to general weather conditions
populated
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(of a place) having people living there
overrated
empezar lección
not as good as people say
overjoyed
empezar lección
extremely happy
underestimated
empezar lección
to fail to guess or understand the real cost, size, difficulty, etc. of something
oversimplified
empezar lección
unrealistically simple
undernourished
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not eating enough food to continue to be in good health
overburdened
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having too much to carry, contain, or deal with
underprivileged
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without the money, possessions, education, opportunities, etc. that the average person has
overcrowded
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containing too many people or things
underlying
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real but not immediately obvious
rural
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relating to farm areas and life in the country
illiterate
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unable to read or write
essential
empezar lección
necessary, basic
wealthy
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rich
sparsely
empezar lección
with only a small number or amount of people or things
impoverished
empezar lección
very poor
urban
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relating to a city or town
densely
empezar lección
with a lot of things close together
inadequate
empezar lección
not good enough or too low in quality
traditional
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a belief, custom, or way of doing something that has existed for a long time
humanitarian
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(a person who is) involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering
existence
empezar lección
the fact of something or someone existing
resistance
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the act of fighting against something that is attacking you, or refusing to accept something
stabilize
empezar lección
If something stabilizes, it becomes fixed or stops changing
devalued
empezar lección
to reduce the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money
diplomatic
empezar lección
acting in a way that does not cause offence
ethnic cleansing
empezar lección
Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region
disproportionate
empezar lección
too large or too small in comparison to something else, or not deserving its importance or influence
slavery
empezar lección
the activity of owning other people who are forced to work for or obey you
washed away
empezar lección
carried away by the movement of water
devaluation
empezar lección
the action of reducing the rate at which money can be exchanged for foreign money
erosion
empezar lección
the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind
buried
empezar lección
to put a body into the ground
covered
empezar lección
put over or on top of
ablaze
empezar lección
burning very strongly
smouldering
empezar lección
burning with little smoke and no flame
drought
empezar lección
a long period when there is little or no rain
evacuate
empezar lección
to move people from a dangerous place to somewhere safe
shift
empezar lección
to move or change from one position or direction to another, especially slightly
malnutrition
empezar lección
physical weakness and bad health caused by having too little food, or too little of the types of food necessary for good health
undernourishment
empezar lección
the condition of not eating enough food to continue to be in good health
block sth out
empezar lección
stop from passing through
cut off
empezar lección
to disconnect, interrupt, or discontinue something or someone
epidemic
empezar lección
the appearance of a particular disease in a large number of people at the same time
plague
empezar lección
an easily spread disease causing a large number of deaths
sea levels
empezar lección
the average height of the sea where it meets the land
pledge
empezar lección
a serious or formal promise
advent
empezar lección
the fact of an event happening, an invention being made, or a person arriving
sponsored
empezar lección
supported financially
proceeds
empezar lección
the amount of money received from a particular event or activity or when something is sold
enterprise
empezar lección
an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
aid
empezar lección
to help
thrash out
empezar lección
discuss in detail in order to find a solution
comprehensive
empezar lección
including many details or aspects of something
a two wave panel survey
empezar lección
the same people are questioned twice - for example before and after voting
fancy footwork
empezar lección
quick or clever actions to deal with a problem
inter-locking things
empezar lección
things that are connected (?)
deliver
empezar lección
provide sth promised (Membership of the EU wasn't delivering)
big picture
empezar lección
the situation as a whole
prosperous
empezar lección
Successful and wealthy
Recession
empezar lección
A slowdown in a nation's economy
to mishandle
empezar lección
manage badly or incompetently
to harden views on sth
empezar lección
to become very unfriendly
austerity
empezar lección
an economic policy by which a government reduces the amount of money it spends by a large amount
grassroots
empezar lección
people at the local level; average voters, not professional politicians
galvanise /ɡæl.və.naɪz/
empezar lección
to stimulate to action, to motivate to vote
dour
empezar lección
gloomy
overblown
empezar lección
exaggerated
immigration: controlled or uncontrolled
empezar lección
the act of someone coming to live in a different country
polls
empezar lección
the process of voting in an election / the places where people vote in a political election
allegiance /əˈliː.dʒəns/
empezar lección
loyalty
volatility
empezar lección
suddenly changing or becoming more dangerous
unglued
empezar lección
separated or detached
to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail
empezar lección
to come unglued- to experience difficulties and fail
policymaking system
empezar lección
the process of developing policies
Populism
empezar lección
politics that represents the interests and opinions of ordinary people
the Tories
empezar lección
Conservative Party
go pear-shaped
empezar lección
(of a plan) to go badly wrong
to skew
empezar lección
to twist, to manipulate
Devolution
empezar lección
the process of taking power from a central authority or government and giving it to smaller and more local regions
academics
empezar lección
a teacher or scholar in a university or other institute of higher education
left behind
empezar lección
abandoned
backdrop
empezar lección
a background, setting
dosłownie: scenery hung at back of stage
empezar lección
literally: scenery hung at back of stage
coup
empezar lección
a sudden illegal, often violent, taking of government power, especially by part of an army
riot
empezar lección
an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
discontented
empezar lección
dissatisfied, unhappy
merely /ˈmɪr.li/
empezar lección
used to emphasize that you mean exactly what you are saying and nothing more
boost
empezar lección
increase
counterpart
empezar lección
a person or thing that has the same purpose as another one in a different place or organization
catch up
empezar lección
get to the same point as someone else
the mainland
empezar lección
for Brtis: the rest of Europe
driving force
empezar lección
someone or something that has the power to make things happen
referendum
empezar lección
a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question
UKIP
empezar lección
UK Independence Party: a political party in the UK whose main policy has been that the United Kingdom should leave the European Union
drill down
empezar lección
to look for something on a computer or website by moving from general information to more detailed information
propaganda
empezar lección
information, ideas, opinions, or images, often only giving one part of an argument, that are broadcast, published, or in some other way spread with the intention of influencing people's opinions
bias
empezar lección
the action of supporting or opposing a particular person or thing in an unfair way, because of allowing personal opinions to influence your judgment
prejudice /ˈpredʒ.ə.dɪs/
empezar lección
an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially when formed without enough thought or knowledge
robust /roʊˈbʌst/
empezar lección
(of a person or animal) strong and healthy, or (of an object or system) strong and unlikely to break or fail
constitutional
empezar lección
allowed by or contained in a constitution
implication
empezar lección
an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly
civil war
empezar lección
a war fought by different groups of people living in the same country
demonstration
empezar lección
an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone
protest
empezar lección
a strong complaint expressing disagreement, disapproval, or opposition
remain
empezar lección
to stay in the same place or in the same condition
Remainer
empezar lección
a person who voted for the United Kingdom to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum
Home Office
empezar lección
the UK government department that deals with matters inside the UK that are not the responsibility of other departments, for example justice and the rules for people from other countries entering the UK
vote
empezar lección
a choice that gets counted
election
empezar lección
a time when people vote in order to choose someone for a political or official job
dash for cash
empezar lección
chase for money?
asylum
empezar lección
protection or safety, especially that given by a government to people who have been forced to leave their own countries for their safety or because of war
to come out of retirement
empezar lección
to return to work or to one's professional career
candidate
empezar lección
a person who is competing to get a job or elected position
to toe the party line
empezar lección
to do what someone in authority tells you to do although you may not agree with it
smear campaign
empezar lección
a planned attempt to harm the reputation of a person or company by telling lies about them
opinion poll
empezar lección
an occasion when people are asked questions to discover what they think about a subject
majority
empezar lección
the larger number or part of something
latter
empezar lección
the second of two people, things, or groups previously mentioned
manifesto
empezar lección
a written statement of the beliefs, aims, and policies of an organization, especially a political party
diplomatic
empezar lección
tactful when dealing with people
respectable
empezar lección
with a good reputation
courteous
empezar lección
polite
radical
empezar lección
with extreme or very strong views
opressed
empezar lección
being ruled unjustly or cruelly
conventional
empezar lección
behaving just like everyone else
rebellious
empezar lección
against authority and hard control
privileged
empezar lección
having more advantages, opportunities, or rights than most people
notorious
empezar lección
having a bad reputation
progressive
empezar lección
in favour of new ideas
mayor
empezar lección
a person who is elected or chosen to lead the group who governs a town or city
bill
empezar lección
a formal statement of a planned new law that is discussed before being voted on
survey
empezar lección
an examination of opinions, behaviour, etc., made by asking people questions
council
empezar lección
a group of people elected or chosen to make decisions or give advice on a particular subject, to represent a particular group of people, or to run a particular organization
reign
empezar lección
the period of time when a king or queen rules a country
authorities
empezar lección
a group of people with official responsibility for a particular area of activity
motion
empezar lección
the act or process of moving, or a particular action or movement
Members of the Cabinet
empezar lección
a small group of the most important people in government, who advise the President or Prime Minister and make important decisions
licensed
empezar lección
officially allowed
illegal
empezar lección
against the law
compulsory
empezar lección
obligatory
barred
empezar lección
blocked, banned
abolished
empezar lección
to do away with
binding
empezar lección
to be obeyed
required
empezar lección
necessary
permitted
empezar lección
allowed
voluntary
empezar lección
willing; unforced
restricted
empezar lección
not allowed
president
empezar lección
the elected head of state.
minister
empezar lección
responsible for a government department
ringleader
empezar lección
the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal
ambassador
empezar lección
an important official who works in a foreign country representing his or her own country there, and who is officially accepted in this position by that country
patriot
empezar lección
a person who loves their country and, if necessary, will fight for it
delegate
empezar lección
represents others at a meeting or conference
traitor
empezar lección
A person who betrays his or her country
sovereign
empezar lección
a person who may be the head of state by birth
terrorist
empezar lección
someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes
chairperson
empezar lección
a person in charge of a meeting, organization, or department
retains
empezar lección
holds on to; keeps
the Houses of Parliament
empezar lección
the UK parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords
general public
empezar lección
ordinary people, especially all the people who are not members of a particular organization or who do not have any special type of knowledge
electorate
empezar lección
all the people who are allowed to vote
chamber
empezar lección
a room used for a special or official purpose, or a group of people who form (part of) a parliament
defied (defy)
empezar lección
to refuse to obey a person, decision, law, situation, etc.
to backfire
empezar lección
have the opposite effect to what was intended
to wield power
empezar lección
to have a lot of influence or power over other people
put the record straight
empezar lección
to write or say something in order to make the true facts known
sideboard
empezar lección
a piece of furniture used to store tablecloths and dishes
silverware
empezar lección
tableware made of silver
hard-up
empezar lección
not having enough money to pay for necessities, poor
loot
empezar lección
money and valuable objects that have been stolen
come up with sth
empezar lección
to think of a plan, an idea, or a solution to a problem
collapse
empezar lección
to fall down suddenly because of pressure or having no strength or support
casualty
empezar lección
a person injured or killed in a serious accident or war
evacuated
empezar lección
removed from an area
meet demands
empezar lección
to provide for someone's need (spełnić wymagania)
sustain
empezar lección
to suffer or experience, especially damage or loss
OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection)
empezar lección
OR to cause or allow something to continue for a period of time (The judge sustained (= accepted) the lawyer's objection)
uprooted
empezar lección
torn up by the roots; removed
collide
empezar lección
to crash into
survivors
empezar lección
people who have stayed alive
blaze
empezar lección
A vivid glowing flame; large, strong fire
rapidly
empezar lección
very quickly
tear gas
empezar lección
a gas that makes your eyes sting, used especially by the police to control violent crowds
disperse
empezar lección
to scatter, spread far and wide
mob
empezar lección
a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
seal off
empezar lección
to prevent people from entering an area or building, often because it is dangerous
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/
empezar lección
relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult
addiction
empezar lección
an inability to stop doing or using something, especially something harmful
offender
empezar lección
a person who commits a crime
petty crime
empezar lección
a type of crime that is not considered serious when compared with some other crimes
beggar
empezar lección
a poor person who lives by asking others for money or food
a brush with sth
empezar lección
a situation in which you experience something, or almost experience something, especially something unpleasant
transgression
empezar lección
the act or process of breaking a law or moral rule
hardened
empezar lección
used to describe someone who has had a lot of bad experiences and as a result no longer gets upset or shocked; no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it
counselling
empezar lección
the job or process of listening to someone and giving that person advice about their problems
enforce
empezar lección
to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
deter
empezar lección
to prevent someone from doing something or to make someone less enthusiastic about doing something by making it difficult for that person to do it or by threatening bad results if they do it
custody
empezar lección
the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
detention
empezar lección
a form of punishment in which children are made to stay at school for a short time after classes have ended; the act of officially detaining someone
prison
empezar lección
a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment
Capital punishment
empezar lección
death penalty
the death penalty
empezar lección
the legal punishment of death for a crime
execution
empezar lección
the legal punishment of killing someone
arrest
empezar lección
If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
detection
empezar lección
the fact of noticing or discovering something
inquiry /ˈɪŋ.kwɚ.i/
empezar lección
(the process of asking) a question
hairpiece
does not fully cover the head
empezar lección
Small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head
toupee.
headdress
empezar lección
a decorative covering for the head
wig
empezar lección
a covering of artificial hair worn on the head to hide a loss of hair or to cover your own hair
charged with assault
empezar lección
officially accused by a court of deliberately causing harm to another person
the accused
empezar lección
a person officially charged with a crime; the person who is on trial in a law court:
presume
empezar lección
to believe something to be true because it is very likely, although you are not certain
faultless
empezar lección
perfect and without any mistakes
innocent
empezar lección
(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime
offence
empezar lección
an illegal act; a crime
charge
empezar lección
(of the police) to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
case
empezar lección
a problem, a series of events, or a person being dealt with by police, doctors, lawyers, etc.
racing
empezar lección
the action of competing in a race (= a competition to see who can finish first) or running a race with someone
speeding
empezar lección
driving faster than is allowed in a particular area
built-up area
empezar lección
A built-up area is one where there are a lot of buildings
evidence
empezar lección
one or more reasons for believing that something is or is not true
it suggests
empezar lección
it suggests
UN
empezar lección
UN
proof
empezar lección
a fact or piece of information that shows that something exists or is true
it proves
empezar lección
it proves
UN zwykle
empezar lección
UN usually
jury
empezar lección
a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
defence
empezar lección
protection
verdict
empezar lección
an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
come into force
empezar lección
(of laws, rules, or systems) existing and being used
on probation
empezar lección
a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
ban from
empezar lección
to forbid someone to do something or forbid an action
(go on a) rampage
empezar lección
to go through an area making a lot of noise and causing damage
out of control
empezar lección
if something is out of control, it cannot be dealt with successfully:
habit-forming
empezar lección
A habit-forming activity or drug makes you want to do or take it repeatedly
be robbed OF
empezar lección
to have sth stolen
without due care and attention
empezar lección
careless
neglect
empezar lección
to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
swindled
empezar lección
cheated
riot
empezar lección
an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
(to be) pardoned
empezar lección
officially forgiven and the punishment is stopped
deported
empezar lección
forced to leave a country
illegal alien
empezar lección
A person who enters a country illegally without the proper authorization and documents, or is an alien who once entered a country legally and has since violated the terms of the status in which he entered a country or has overstayed the time
doesn't have the legal right to stay
empezar lección
doesn't have the legal right to stay
(to squat) squatted
empezar lección
lived illegally without paying rent
cheated
empezar lección
acted dishonestly
abolished
empezar lección
brought to an end
swerved
empezar lección
turned suddenly to avoid hitting something
burgle
empezar lección
to steal
loophole in the law
empezar lección
a small mistake in an agreement or law that gives someone the chance to avoid having to do something
mitigating circumstances
empezar lección
factors that decrease the severity of a crime
okoliczności łagodzące
empezar lección
attenuating circumstances
community service
empezar lección
A sentencing alternative that requires offenders to spend at least part of their time working for a community agency
to falsify (evidence)
empezar lección
to change sth or add untrue details to it in order to deceive people
witness
empezar lección
a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
impunity
empezar lección
freedom from punishment or harm
bigamy
empezar lección
the crime of marrying a person while already legally married to someone else
fine
empezar lección
an amount of money that has to be paid as a punishment for not obeying a rule or law
misdemeanour /ˌmɪs.dɪˈmiː.nɚ/
empezar lección
an action that is slightly bad or breaks a rule but is not a crime
prison
empezar lección
a building where criminals are forced to live as a punishment
civil law
empezar lección
the part of the legal system that relates to personal matters, such as marriage and property, rather than crime
crime
empezar lección
illegal activities
forgery
empezar lección
an illegal copy of a document, painting, etc. or the crime of making such illegal copies
offence
empezar lección
an illegal act; a crime
criminal law
empezar lección
the part of the legal system that relates to punishing people who break the law
law
empezar lección
a rule, usually made by a government, that is used to order the way in which a society behaves
penalty
empezar lección
a punishment, or the usual punishment, for doing something that is against a law
term
empezar lección
the fixed period of time that something lasts for
felony
empezar lección
(an example of) serious crime that can be punished by one or more years in prison
life imprisonment
empezar lección
the punishment of being put in prison for a very long time without an arranged time for release or, in the US, until death
treason
empezar lección
(the crime of) showing no loyalty to your country, especially by helping its enemies or trying to defeat its government
thief
empezar lección
a person who steals
pickpocket
empezar lección
someone who steals things from people's pockets
blackmailer
empezar lección
gets money by threatening to disclose personal information
hijacker
empezar lección
someone who takes control of an aircraft or other vehicle during a journey by force
shoplifter
empezar lección
takes things from a shop without paying
murderer
empezar lección
kills people
burglar
empezar lección
a person who illegally enters buildings and steals things
robber
empezar lección
someone who steals
kidnapper
empezar lección
someone who takes a person away illegally by force, usually in order to demand money in exchange for releasing them
spy
empezar lección
a person who secretly collects and reports information about the activities of another country or organization
vandal
empezar lección
a person who intentionally damages property belonging to other people
bigamist
empezar lección
someone who marries a person while already legally married to someone else
commit
empezar lección
to do something illegal or something that is considered wrong
bandit
empezar lección
a thief with a weapon, especially one belonging to a group that attacks people travelling through the countryside
guerrilla
empezar lección
a member of an unofficial military group that is trying to change the government by making sudden, unexpected attacks on the official army forces
observance
empezar lección
the act of obeying a law or following a religious custom
disrespect
empezar lección
lack of respect
hostage
empezar lección
someone who is taken as a prisoner by an enemy in order to force the other people involved to do what the enemy wants
breach
empezar lección
an act of breaking a law, promise, agreement, or relationship
currency regulation
empezar lección
Government rules governing the flow of national or foreign currencies into or out of a country. (?)
commit suicide
empezar lección
a phrase used to mean "to kill yourself", which is now considered offensive because it suggests that doing this is a crime
homicide
empezar lección
(an act of) murder
prosecute
empezar lección
to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court, or (of a lawyer) to try to prove that a person accused of committing a crime is guilty of that crime
persecute
empezar lección
to treat someone unfairly or cruelly over a long period of time because of their race, religion, or political beliefs, or to annoy someone by refusing to leave them alone
liable
empezar lección
having (legal) responsibility for something or someone
hooligan
empezar lección
a violent person who fights or causes damage in public places
division
empezar lección
a separate part of an army or large organization
portion
empezar lección
a part or share of something larger
element
empezar lección
a part of something
force
empezar lección
physical, especially violent, strength, or power
burst
empezar lección
to break open or apart suddenly, or to make something do this
blare
empezar lección
to make an unpleasantly loud noise
siren
empezar lección
a device for making a loud warning noise
gong
empezar lección
a round piece of metal that is hung in a frame and hit with a stick to produce a sound as a signal, also used as a musical instrument
bell
empezar lección
an electrical device that makes a ringing sound when you press a button or a hollow metal object shaped like a cup that makes a ringing sound when hit by something hard, especially a clapper
alarm
empezar lección
a warning of danger, usually a loud noise or flashing light
bereaved
empezar lección
having a close relation or friend who has recently died
confiscate
empezar lección
to take a possession away from someone when you have the right to do so, usually as a punishment and often for a limited period, after which it is returned to the owner
deprive
empezar lección
to take something, especially something necessary or pleasant, away from someone
extort
empezar lección
to get something by force or threats, or with difficulty
sober
empezar lección
not drunk or affected by alcohol
steady
empezar lección
happening in a smooth, gradual, and regular way, not suddenly or unexpectedly; constant
sue
empezar lección
to take legal action against a person or organization, especially by making a legal claim for money because of some harm that they have caused you
carry sth out
empezar lección
to do or complete something, especially that you have said you would do or that you have been told to do
bring sth about
empezar lección
to cause something to happen
conspirator
empezar lección
someone who conspires with other people to do something
plot
empezar lección
a secret plan made by several people to do something that is wrong, harmful, or not legal, especially to do damage to a person or a government
catastrophe /kəˈtæs.trə.fi/
empezar lección
a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction
disaster
empezar lección
(an event that results in) great harm, damage, or death, or serious difficulty
demolition /ˌdem.əˈlɪʃ.ən/
empezar lección
the act of destroying something such as a building
overthrow
empezar lección
to defeat or remove someone from power, using force
broadcast
empezar lección
to send out a programme on television or radio
scatter
empezar lección
to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
sow
empezar lección
to put seeds in or on the ground so that plants will grow
stray
empezar lección
to travel along a route that was not originally intended, or to move outside a limited area
catch sb red-handed
empezar lección
to find someone in the act of doing something illegal
true-blue
empezar lección
completely loyal to a person or belief
in black and white
empezar lección
in writing
camouflage
empezar lección
something that is meant to hide something, or behaviour that is intended to hide the truth
counterfeit
empezar lección
made to look like the original of something, usually for dishonest or illegal purposes
fake
empezar lección
an object that is made to look real or valuable in order to deceive people
fraudulent
empezar lección
dishonest and illegal
blackmail
empezar lección
the act of getting money from people or forcing them to do something by threatening to tell a secret of theirs or to harm them
bribery
empezar lección
an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want
compensation
empezar lección
money that is paid to someone in exchange for something that has been lost or damaged or for some problem
reward
empezar lección
an amount of money given to someone who helps the police or who helps to return stolen property to its owner
crew
empezar lección
a group of people who work together, especially all those who work on and operate a ship, aircraft, etc.
gang
empezar lección
a group of young people, especially young men, who spend time together, often fighting with other groups and behaving badly
staff
empezar lección
the group of people who work for an organization
team
empezar lección
people working together as a group in order to achieve something
creep
empezar lección
to move slowly, quietly, and carefully, usually in order to avoid being noticed
stride
empezar lección
to walk with long steps
wander
empezar lección
to walk around slowly in a relaxed way or without any clear purpose or direction
arsonist
empezar lección
a person who intentionally starts a fire in order to damage or destroy something, especially a building
assassin
empezar lección
someone who kills a famous or important person, usually for political reasons or in exchange for money
deserter
empezar lección
a person who leaves the armed forces without permission
embezzler
empezar lección
someone who secretly takes money that is in their care or that belongs to an organization or business they work for
forger
empezar lección
someone who falsifies or makes fake copies
fraud
empezar lección
a person who pretends to be what he is not
con man
empezar lección
a person who uses tricks to cheat people, esp. to get their money or possessions
mugger
empezar lección
a person who attacks people in order to steal their money
poacher
empezar lección
someone who catches and kills animals illegally
racketeer
empezar lección
someone who makes money from a dishonest or illegal business activity
smuggler
empezar lección
someone who takes goods or people into or out of a country illegally
terrorist
empezar lección
someone who uses violent action, or threats of violent action, for political purposes
ransack
empezar lección
to search a place or container in a violent and careless way
invade
empezar lección
to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it
safe deposit box
empezar lección
a strong box in a bank where you can keep money or valuable things
high-pitched
empezar lección
A voice that is high-pitched is higher than usual
eject
empezar lección
to force someone to leave a particular place
emit
empezar lección
to send out a beam, noise, smell, or gas
expel
empezar lección
to send out or away
exclude
empezar lección
to prevent someone or something from entering a place or taking part in an activity
clench
empezar lección
to close or hold something very tightly, often in a determined or angry way
clutch
empezar lección
to take or try to take hold of something tightly, usually in fear, worry, or pain
grab
empezar lección
to take hold of something or someone suddenly and roughly
grip
empezar lección
to hold very tightly
haul
empezar lección
a usually large amount of something that has been stolen or is illegal
floorboard
empezar lección
one of the long, straight pieces of wood used to make a floor
creak
empezar lección
When a door, floorboard, etc. creaks, it makes a long low sound when it moves or is moved
crack
empezar lección
to break something so that it does not separate, but very thin lines appear on its surface, or to become broken in this way
crunch
empezar lección
to crush hard food loudly between the teeth, or to make a sound as if something is being crushed or broken
groan
empezar lección
a deep, long sound showing great pain or unhappiness
flaunt
empezar lección
to show or make obvious something you are proud of in order to get admiration
flout /flaʊt/
empezar lección
to intentionally not obey a rule, law, or custom
float /floʊt/
empezar lección
to stay on the surface of a liquid and not sink
intact
empezar lección
complete and in the original state
preserve
empezar lección
to keep something as it is, especially in order to prevent it from decaying or being damaged or destroyed
maul
empezar lección
If an animal mauls someone, it attacks that person and injures them with its teeth or claws (= long sharp nails)
violate
empezar lección
to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle, or something that should be treated with respect
hinder
empezar lección
to limit the ability of someone to do something, or to limit the development of something
tamper
empezar lección
to touch or make changes to something when you should not, especially when this is illegal
snatch
empezar lección
to grab quickly
withdraw
empezar lección
to take or move out or back, or to remove
suspect
empezar lección
a person believed to have committed a crime or done something wrong, or something believed to have caused something bad
account
empezar lección
a written or spoken description of an event
declaration
empezar lección
an announcement, often one that is written and official
deposition
empezar lección
a formal written statement made or used in a law court
statement
empezar lección
something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion
unruly
empezar lección
badly behaved
collection
empezar lección
a lot of things or people
congregation
empezar lección
a group of people who have come together in a religious building for worship and prayer
group
empezar lección
a number of people or things that are put together or considered as a unit
mob
empezar lección
a large, angry crowd, especially one that could easily become violent
discount
empezar lección
to decide that something or someone is not worth considering or giving attention
neglect
empezar lección
to not give enough care or attention to people or things that are your responsibility
omit
empezar lección
to fail to include or do something
overlook
empezar lección
to fail to notice or consider something or someone
foul play
empezar lección
a criminal act that results in serious damage or injury, especially murder
communication
empezar lección
the act of communicating with people
connection
empezar lección
the state of being related to someone or something else
join
empezar lección
to connect or fasten things together
assailant
empezar lección
a person who attacks another person
immovable
empezar lección
fixed and impossible to move
lifeless
empezar lección
showing little energy or interest
motionless
empezar lección
without moving
static
empezar lección
staying in one place without moving, or not changing for a long time
bewilder
empezar lección
to confuse someone
confuse
empezar lección
to mix up someone's mind or ideas, or to make something difficult to understand
merge
empezar lección
to combine or join together, or to cause things to do this
puzzled
empezar lección
confused because you do not understand something
battened
empezar lección
strengthen or fasten (something) with battens (= a long piece of wood)
cordoned
empezar lección
prevent access to or from (an area or building) by surrounding it with police or other guards.
fasten
empezar lección
to (cause something to) become firmly fixed together, or in position, or closed
shuttered
empezar lección
closed permanently
snare
empezar lección
a device for catching small animals and birds, usually with a rope or wire that tightens around the animal
trap
empezar lección
a device or hole for catching animals or people and preventing their escape
certify
empezar lección
to say in a formal or official way, usually in writing, that something is true or correct
identify
empezar lección
to recognize someone or something and say or prove who or what that person or thing is
justify
empezar lección
to give or to be a good reason for
verify
empezar lección
to prove that something exists or is true, or to make certain that something is correct
deductive
empezar lección
reaching an answer or a decision by thinking carefully about the known facts
disturbing
empezar lección
making you feel worried or upset
suggestive
empezar lección
causing you to think about something
suspicious
empezar lección
making you feel that something illegal is happening or that something is wrong; feeling doubt or a lack of trust
attentive
empezar lección
listening carefully
thorough /ˈθɝː.oʊ/
empezar lección
detailed and careful
thoughtful
empezar lección
carefully considering things; kind and always thinking about how you can help other people
enquiring
empezar lección
To ask for information
investigate
empezar lección
to examine a crime, problem, statement, etc. carefully, especially to discover the truth
seek
empezar lección
to try to find or get something, especially something that is not a physical object
anonymity
empezar lección
the situation in which someone's name is not given or known
identification
empezar lección
the act of recognizing and naming someone or something
identity
empezar lección
who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group that make them different from others
personality
empezar lección
the type of person you are, shown by the way you behave, feel, and think
combing
empezar lección
searching a place or an area very carefully in order to find something
motive
empezar lección
a reason for doing something
principle
empezar lección
a basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works
confine
empezar lección
to limit an activity, person, or problem in some way
possession
empezar lección
the fact that you have or own something
ownership
empezar lección
the state or fact of owning something
raid
empezar lección
a short sudden attack, usually by a small group of people
invasion
empezar lección
the act of entering a place by force, often in large numbers
storm
empezar lección
to attack a place or building by entering suddenly in great numbers
constable
empezar lección
police officer
confinement
empezar lección
the situation in which a person or animal is kept somewhere, usually by force
custody
empezar lección
the legal right or duty to care for someone or something, especially a child after its parents have separated or died
detection
empezar lección
the fact of noticing or discovering something
guardianship
empezar lección
the state or duty of being a guardian
compel
empezar lección
to force someone to do something
enforce
empezar lección
to make people obey a law, or to make a particular situation happen or be accepted
press
empezar lección
to try hard to persuade someone to do something
press charges
empezar lección
to complain officially about someone in a law court
observer
empezar lección
a person who watches what happens but has no active part in it
onlooker
empezar lección
someone who watches something that is happening in a public place but is not involved in it
spectator
empezar lección
a person who watches an activity, especially a sports event, without taking part
witnesses
empezar lección
a person who sees an event happening, especially a crime or an accident
examination
empezar lección
the act of looking at or considering something carefully in order to discover something
concentrate
empezar lección
focus
exhausting
empezar lección
extremely tired
intense
empezar lección
extreme and forceful or (of a feeling) very strong
stand clear
empezar lección
to move a short distance away from something so that you are safe
stand out
empezar lección
to be very noticeable
measures
empezar lección
to judge the quality, effect, importance, or value of something
affective
empezar lección
connected with the emotions
effective
empezar lección
successful or achieving the results that you want
efficient
empezar lección
working or operating quickly and effectively in an organized way
ineffective
empezar lección
not producing the effects or results that are wanted
accused
empezar lección
a person or people who may be guilty of a crime and who are being judged in a court of law
arrest
empezar lección
If the police arrest someone, they take them away to ask them about a crime that they might have committed
charged
empezar lección
to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime
convicted
empezar lección
having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court
interrogated
empezar lección
to ask someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats or violence
parole
empezar lección
permission for a prisoner to be released before their period in prison is finished, with the agreement that they will behave well
suspected
empezar lección
believed to be guilty of a crime
try
empezar lección
to examine a person accused of committing a crime in a law court by asking them questions and considering known facts, and then decide if they are guilty
barrister
empezar lección
a type of lawyer in the UK, Australia, and some other countries who can give specialized legal advice and can argue a case in both higher and lower courts
counsel
empezar lección
a lawyer or group of lawyers whose job is to speak for someone in a court of law
judge
empezar lección
a person who is in charge of a trial in a court and decides how a person who is guilty of a crime should be punished, or who makes decisions on legal matters
solicitor
empezar lección
a type of lawyer in Britain and Australia who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts
dispute
empezar lección
an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers or two countries with a common border
settled
empezar lección
stable
arbitration
empezar lección
the process of solving an argument between people by helping them to agree to an acceptable solution
court
empezar lección
a place where trials and other legal cases happen
election
empezar lección
the process of voting to choose a winner
referee
empezar lección
a person or organization that helps to find a fair answer to a disagreement
bear
empezar lección
to hold or support something
possess
empezar lección
to have
reflect
empezar lección
to show, express, or be a sign of something
accuse
empezar lección
to say that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind
ensure
empezar lección
to make something certain to happen
prove
empezar lección
to show that something is true
autopsy
empezar lección
the cutting open and examination of a dead body in order to discover the cause of death
inquiry
empezar lección
(the process of asking) a question
interrogation
empezar lección
a process of asking someone a lot of questions for a long time in order to get information, sometimes using threats or violence
covered
empezar lección
protected
erased
empezar lección
removed
hidden
empezar lección
not easy to find
disturbance
empezar lección
violence or trouble
demonstration
empezar lección
an occasion when a group of people march or stand together to show that they disagree with or support something or someone
notice
empezar lección
to bring someone to the attention of the public; information or a warning given about something that is going to happen in the future
summary
empezar lección
a short, clear description that gives the main facts or ideas about something; done suddenly, without discussion or a legal process
deny
empezar lección
to say that something is not true; to not allow someone to have or do something
refuse
empezar lección
to say that you will not do or accept something
resist
empezar lección
to fight against something or someone that is attacking you
testify
empezar lección
give evidence as a witness in a law court.
on behalf
empezar lección
in the interest of
passersby
empezar lección
someone who is going past a particular place
deed
empezar lección
an intentional act, especially a very bad or very good one
innocent
empezar lección
(of a person) not guilty of a particular crime
lovely
empezar lección
pleasant or enjoyable
natural
empezar lección
(of a person or their behaviour) seeming normal and relaxed
pure
empezar lección
behaving in a way that is morally good
discard
empezar lección
to throw something away or get rid of it because you no longer want or need it
dismiss
empezar lección
to decide that something or someone is not important and not worth considering
resigned
empezar lección
accepting that something you do not like will happen because you cannot change it:
come into force
empezar lección
to come into effect
crucial
empezar lección
extremely important or necessary
forcible
empezar lección
involving the use of physical power or violence
supreme
empezar lección
having the highest rank, level, or importance
valuable
empezar lección
very helpful or important; worth a lot of money
blame
empezar lección
to say or think that a person or thing is responsible for something bad that has happened
cause
empezar lección
the reason why something, especially something bad, happens
evil
empezar lección
morally bad, cruel, or very unpleasant; wicked
fault
empezar lección
a mistake, especially something for which you are to blame
barred
empezar lección
blocked
deported
empezar lección
forced to leave a country
exported
empezar lección
Sent to another country for trade
intern
empezar lección
to put someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
extradition
empezar lección
the act of making someone return for trial to another country or state where they have been accused of doing something illegal
proceedings
empezar lección
a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way; legal action
trace
empezar lección
a sign that something has happened or existed
oppress
empezar lección
to govern people in an unfair and cruel way and prevent them from having opportunities and freedom
repress
empezar lección
to hold back
suppress
empezar lección
to end something by force
cross-examination
empezar lección
the act of cross-examining (= asking detailed questions of) someone, especially a witness in a trial
content
empezar lección
pleased with your situation and not hoping for change or improvement
glad
empezar lección
happy
satisfied
empezar lección
pleased because you have got what you wanted, or because something has happened in the way that you wanted
condemned
empezar lección
A condemned person is someone who is going to be killed, especially as a punishment for having committed a very serious crime, such as murder
convinced
empezar lección
certain of your beliefs
penalize
empezar lección
to cause someone a disadvantage; to punish
outclass
empezar lección
to be much better than someone or something
outnumber
empezar lección
to be greater in number than someone or something
overcome
empezar lección
to defeat or succeed in controlling or dealing with something
supersede
empezar lección
to replace something, especially something older or more old-fashioned
the Inns of Court
empezar lección
the four societies in London for students of law, one of which a barrister (= lawyer who argues cases in a law court) must belong to
prospective
empezar lección
(adj) potential, in the future
willing
empezar lección
agreeable and ready to do something
wishful
empezar lección
having to do with wishes and not reality
case
empezar lección
a matter to be decided by a judge in a law court
lawsuit
empezar lección
a problem taken to a law court by an ordinary person or an organization rather than the police in order to obtain a legal decision
trial
empezar lección
the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
contradict
empezar lección
to speak against; to say the opposite
decline
empezar lección
decrease
take the words out of sb's mouth
empezar lección
to say something that another person was just about to say or was thinking
affirm
empezar lección
to state something as true
alleged
empezar lección
said or thought by some people to be the stated bad or illegal thing, although you have no proof
announce
empezar lección
to make something known or tell people about something officially
justice
empezar lección
fairness in the way people are dealt with
punishment
empezar lección
the act of punishing someone; rough treatment
pass sentence
empezar lección
to say officially, as a judge, what a criminal's official punishment will be
verdict
empezar lección
an opinion or decision made after judging the facts that are given, especially one made at the end of a trial
be in trouble
empezar lección
a situation in which you experience problems, usually because of something you have done wrong or badly
strict
empezar lección
strongly limiting someone's freedom to behave as they wish, or likely to severely punish someone if they do not obey
combine
empezar lección
to (cause to) exist together, or join together to make a single thing or group
invent a story
empezar lección
to make up a story
adjust
empezar lección
to change something slightly, especially to make it more correct, effective, or suitable
coincide
empezar lección
to be the same or similar
reconcile
empezar lección
to find a way in which two situations or beliefs that are opposed to each other can agree and exist together
bear sb/sth out
empezar lección
to support the truth of something
defendant
empezar lección
a person in a law case who is accused of having done something illegal
obstacle
empezar lección
something that blocks you so that movement, going forward, or action is prevented or made more difficult
regulation
empezar lección
an official rule or the act of controlling something
restriction
empezar lección
an official limit on something
veto
empezar lección
an official power or right to refuse to accept or allow something
under arrest
empezar lección
to be put in prison
accusation
empezar lección
a statement saying that someone has done something morally wrong, illegal, or unkind, or the fact of accusing someone
basis
empezar lección
the most important facts, ideas, etc. from which something is developed
foothold
empezar lección
a strong first position from which further progress can be made
framework
empezar lección
a system of rules, ideas, or beliefs that is used to plan or decide something
legal training
empezar lección
education of individuals in the principles, practices, and theory of law (?) (aplikacja prawnicza)
convincingly
empezar lección
in a way that is convincing (= making you believe that something is true or right)
capital punishment
empezar lección
death penalty
corporal punishment
empezar lección
physical punishment
eviction
empezar lección
the act of forcing someone to leave somewhere, especially their home
heavy fine
empezar lección
a large sum of money to pay
internment
empezar lección
the act of putting someone in prison for political or military reasons, especially during a war
penal servitude
empezar lección
being made to do specially hard work while in prison
prison sentence
empezar lección
time that is spent in prison
probation
empezar lección
a period of time when a criminal must behave well and not commit any more crimes in order to avoid being sent to prison
solitary confinement
empezar lección
a punishment in which someone is kept in a room alone, usually in a prison
suspended sentence
empezar lección
a punishment imposed only if you commit a further crime
austere
empezar lección
very simple, with only the things that are absolutely necessary, especially because of severe limits on money or goods
severe
empezar lección
causing very great pain, difficulty, worry, damage, etc.' very serious
vigorous
empezar lección
done with power, force or energy
appeal
empezar lección
a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
fined
empezar lección
punished by making someone pay money for breaking a rule
ordered
empezar lección
carefully arranged or controlled
penalized
empezar lección
to punish someone for breaking a rule
ringleader
empezar lección
the leader of a group of people who are doing something harmful or illegal
get off with
empezar lección
avoid punishment
associate
empezar lección
to connect someone or something in your mind with someone or something else
assume
empezar lección
to accept something to be true without question or proof
assimilate
empezar lección
to become part of a group
lenient
empezar lección
not strict; generous
plead
empezar lección
to make an urgent, emotional statement or request for something; to beg
bid
empezar lección
to offer a particular amount of money for something that is for sale and compete against other people to buy it, especially at a public sale of goods or property
absolve
empezar lección
(especially in religion or law) to free someone from guilt, blame, or responsibility for something
acquit
empezar lección
to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
pardoned
empezar lección
forgiven
hardened
empezar lección
no longer likely to change a bad way of life or feel sorry about it
remorse
empezar lección
a feeling of sadness and being sorry for something you have done
penance
empezar lección
an act that shows that you feel sorry about something that you have done, sometimes for religious reasons
pity
empezar lección
a feeling of sadness or sympathy for someone else's unhappiness or difficult situation
reproach
empezar lección
to criticize someone, especially for not being successful or not doing what is expected
a scrap of
empezar lección
a small piece of something
legislature
empezar lección
A group of people who have the power to make laws
panel
empezar lección
a small group of people chosen to give advice, make a decision, or publicly discuss their opinions
juror
empezar lección
a member of a jury
guilty
empezar lección
responsible for breaking a law or doing something wrong
legal dispute
empezar lección
an argument or disagreement between two or more parties to be resolved by the legal system
testimony
empezar lección
(an example of) spoken or written statements that something is true, especially those given in a law court
laymen
empezar lección
someone who is not trained in or does not have a detailed knowledge of a particular subject
courtroom
empezar lección
a room in which trials or other legal cases are held
counsel by jury
empezar lección
a jury decides the facts
jury
empezar lección
a group of people who have been chosen to listen to all the facts in a trial in a law court and to decide if a person is guilty or not guilty, or if a claim has been proved
jury commissioner
empezar lección
The court officer responsible for choosing the panel of persons to serve as potential jurors for a particular court term.
selected by lot
empezar lección
method of randomly choosing people
applicable
empezar lección
affecting or relating to a person or thing
beyond a reasonable doubt
empezar lección
The standard of proof used in criminal cases.
impose
empezar lección
to introduce a new law, tax, rule, or punishment
self-confessed
empezar lección
admitting to having a characteristic that is considered to be bad or not acceptable
self-centered
empezar lección
only interested in yourself and your own activities
self-conscious
empezar lección
nervous or uncomfortable because you are worried about what people think about you or your actions
self-contained
empezar lección
not needing or depending on other people
attack
empezar lección
to try to hurt or defeat using violence
onslaught /ˈɑːn.slɑːt/
empezar lección
a very powerful attack
outcry
empezar lección
a strong expression of anger and disapproval about something, made by a group of people or by the public
recrimination
empezar lección
arguments between people who are blaming each other
keep to the straight and narrow
empezar lección
to live an honest, decent life and not doing immoral or illegal things
resort
empezar lección
the fact that you have to do something because there is no other way of achieving something
recourse
empezar lección
using something or someone as a way of getting help, especially in a difficult or dangerous situation
resource
empezar lección
a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization, or person
retort
empezar lección
to answer someone quickly in an angry or funny way
humane
empezar lección
showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
juvenile /ˈdʒuː.və.nəl/
empezar lección
relating to a young person who is not yet old enough to be considered an adult
delinquent
empezar lección
a person, usually young, who behaves in a way that is illegal or not acceptable to most people
sinner
empezar lección
a person who has broken a religious or moral law
villain
empezar lección
a bad person who harms other people or breaks the law
inoffensive
empezar lección
not causing any harm or offence
offensive
empezar lección
causing offence
unoffending
empezar lección
Causing no harm
unsuspicious
empezar lección
trusting
squatter
empezar lección
a person who lives in an empty building without permission
discharge
empezar lección
to allow someone officially to leave somewhere, especially a hospital or a law court
ejection
empezar lección
to force someone to leave a particular place
expulsion
empezar lección
(the act of) forcing someone, or being forced, to leave a school, organization, or country
confess
empezar lección
to admit that you have done something wrong or something that you feel guilty or bad about
corroborated
empezar lección
to add proof to an account, statement, idea, etc. with new information
cite
empezar lección
to mention something as proof for a theory or as a reason why something has happened
nominate
empezar lección
to officially suggest someone for an election, job, position, or honour
quote
empezar lección
to repeat the words that someone else has said or written
fabrication
empezar lección
the act of inventing false information in order to deceive someone, or the false information itself
fantasy
empezar lección
a pleasant situation that you enjoy thinking about but is unlikely to happen, or the activity of imagining things like this
a figment of somebody's imagination
empezar lección
something that seems real but is not
figure
empezar lección
to expect or think that something will happen
imagination
empezar lección
something that you think exists or is true, although in fact it is not real or true
abandon
empezar lección
to leave a place, thing, or person for ever
lift
empezar lección
to end a rule or law
relinquish
empezar lección
to give up something such as a responsibility or claim
surrender
empezar lección
to stop fighting and admit defeat
ward of the court
empezar lección
a person, esp a minor or one legally incapable of managing his or her own affairs, placed under the control or protection of a guardian or of a court
progeny
empezar lección
the young or offspring of a person, animal, or plant
protege /ˈprɑː.t̬ə.ʒeɪ/
empezar lección
a young person who is helped and taught by an older and usually famous person
unambiguous /ˌʌn.æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/
empezar lección
expressed in a way that makes it completely clear what is meant
unanimous /juːˈnæn.ə.məs/
empezar lección
If a group of people are unanimous, they all agree about one particular matter or vote the same way, and if a decision or judgment is unanimous, it is formed or supported by everyone in a group
undivided
empezar lección
existing as a whole, not in separate parts
united
empezar lección
joined together as a group
in the light of
empezar lección
because of
assessment
empezar lección
the act of judging or deciding the amount, value, quality, or importance of something, or the judgment or decision that is made
conclusion
empezar lección
the final part of something
interpretation
empezar lección
an explanation or opinion of what something means
misappropriation
empezar lección
the act of stealing something that you have been trusted to take care of and using it for yourself
mislay / misplace
empezar lección
to lose something temporarily by forgetting where you have put it
mistake
empezar lección
a bad or wrong decision; error
trivial
empezar lección
unimportant
foolish
empezar lección
unwise, stupid, or not showing good judgment
critical
empezar lección
saying that someone or something is bad or wrong
momentous
empezar lección
very important because of effects on future events
significant
empezar lección
important or noticeable
indication
empezar lección
a sign that something exists, is true, or is likely to happen
frown
empezar lección
look of anger
foggy
empezar lección
misty, you can't see very well in this weather
pursuer
empezar lección
someone who is chasing you
moist
empezar lección
damp or slightly wet
messy
empezar lección
untidy or dirty
mild
empezar lección
not very cold or not as cold as usual
avert
empezar lección
to prevent
minimize
empezar lección
to reduce something to the least possible level or amount
indecisive
empezar lección
not good at making decisions
readily
empezar lección
easily
abruptly
empezar lección
in a sudden, unexpected, and sometimes unpleasant way
subtly
empezar lección
in a way that is small and difficult to notice or describe, but important
compelled
empezar lección
forced
beseech
empezar lección
to ask for something in a way that shows you need it very much
insinuate
empezar lección
to suggest indirectly
flatly
empezar lección
without emotion
disgraced
empezar lección
ashamed, embarrassed, mortified
phony
empezar lección
not sincere or not real
tempted
empezar lección
to want something or to want to do something
flee
empezar lección
to run away
abide by
empezar lección
to accept or obey an agreement, decision, or rule
victimless crime
empezar lección
In a victimless crime no one suffers directly, sometimes because the people affected by the crime have agreed to take part in it
miscarriages of justice
empezar lección
a situation in which someone is punished by the law courts for a crime that they have not committed
paid their debt to society
empezar lección
to be punished for committing a crime
riot
empezar lección
an occasion when a large number of people behave in a noisy, violent, and uncontrolled way in public, often as a protest
rally
empezar lección
a public meeting of a large group of people, especially supporters of a particular opinion
impeachment
empezar lección
the act of making a formal statement that a public official might be guilty of a serious offence in connection with his or her job, especially in the US
prior
empezar lección
before a particular time or event
exhort
empezar lección
to strongly encourage or try to persuade someone to do something
to march
empezar lección
an event in which a large number of people walk through a public place to express their support for something, or their disagreement with or disapproval of something
Congress
empezar lección
the elected group of politicians in the US who are responsible for making the law, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives
to certify
empezar lección
to say in a formal or official way, usually in writing, that something is true or correct
democrat
empezar lección
a person who believes in democracy
republican
empezar lección
a person who supports or believes in representative government
Senate
empezar lección
the group of politicians who have the most power to make laws in a government
trial
empezar lección
the hearing of statements and showing of objects, etc. in a law court to judge if a person is guilty of a crime or to decide a case or a legal matter
win by a landslide
empezar lección
the winning of an election with an extremely large number of votes
incitement
empezar lección
the act of encouraging someone to do or feel something unpleasant or violent
the charge sheet
empezar lección
an official document on which a police officer records the details of the crime a person is accused of
lower chamber
empezar lección
one of the two parts that some parliaments are divided into, usually the one with more political power
preceding
empezar lección
existing or happening before someone or something
the Joint Session
empezar lección
When the House and Senate adopt a concurrent resolution to meet together to conduct formal business or to hear an address by the president of the United States
statement
empezar lección
something that someone says or writes officially, or an action done to express an opinion
claim
empezar lección
to say that something is true or is a fact, although you cannot prove it and other people might not believe it
widespread
empezar lección
existing or happening in many places and/or among many people
federal official
empezar lección
An individual who is employed by or represents any department or agency of the US Government
commence
empezar lección
to begin something
the Ellipse
empezar lección
President's Park South
reiterate
empezar lección
to say something again, once or several times
echoing
empezar lección
repeating
declare
empezar lección
to announce something clearly, firmly, publicly, or officially
pace
empezar lección
the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something happens or changes
concede
empezar lección
to admit, often unwillingly, that something is true
illegitimate
empezar lección
not legal or fair
fight like hell
empezar lección
To use all of one's power or effort to fight against something
wilfully
empezar lección
in a way that is wilful (= intentional, or determined to do as you want)
foreseeable
empezar lección
A foreseeable event or situation is one that can be known about or guessed before it happens.
the Capitol
empezar lección
the building in which the US Congress meets
combat
empezar lección
a fight, especially during a war
senator
empezar lección
a politician who has been elected to a Senate
congressman
empezar lección
a man who belongs to a congress, especially a member of the US House of Representatives
the First Amendment
empezar lección
guarantees freedoms concerning religion, expression, assembly, and the right to petition.
infer
empezar lección
to form an opinion or guess that something is true because of the information that you have
imminent
empezar lección
coming or likely to happen very soon
rip things up
empezar lección
to tear something into small pieces
the Supreme Court
empezar lección
the most important law court in the US
counsel
empezar lección
to give advice, especially on social or personal problems
prevail
empezar lección
to get control or influence
remedy
empezar lección
a successful way of curing an illness or dealing with a problem or difficulty
convicted
empezar lección
having officially been found guilty of a crime in a law court
agonisingly
empezar lección
in a way that causes extreme physical or mental pain
entitled
empezar lección
feeling that you have the right to do or have what you want without having to work for it or deserve it, just because of who you are
dismissal
empezar lección
an act by a judge of formally stopping a trial in a court of law
leeway
empezar lección
freedom to act within particular limits
play out
empezar lección
When a situation plays out, it happens and develops
inauguration
empezar lección
the act of officially putting someone into an important position, or the ceremony at which this is done
conspiracy theory
empezar lección
a belief that an event or situation is the result of a secret plan made by powerful people
confound
empezar lección
to confuse and very much surprise someone, so that they are unable to explain or deal with a situation
deep state
empezar lección
organizations such as military, police, or political groups that are said to work secretly in order to protect particular interests and to rule a country without being elected
day of reckoning
empezar lección
a time when the effect of a past mistake is experienced or when a crime is punished
prominent
empezar lección
very well known and important
elite /iˈliːt/
empezar lección
the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society
oath
empezar lección
a promise, especially that you will tell the truth in a law court
seep
empezar lección
to move or spread slowly out of a hole or through something
fracturing
empezar lección
dividing an organization or society
right-wing
empezar lección
the political right
irreparably
empezar lección
in a way that is impossible to repair or make right again
extremist /ɪkˈstriː.mɪst/
empezar lección
someone who has beliefs that most people think are unreasonable and unacceptable
Neo-Nazi
empezar lección
a member of an organization similar to the German Nazi Party.
capitalise
empezar lección
to get as much out of a situation as possible; take advantage of
seek sb/sth out
empezar lección
to look for someone or something, especially for a long time until you find him, her, or it
convert
empezar lección
to (cause something or someone to) change in form or character
distraught
empezar lección
extremely worried, nervous, or upset
sweep
empezar lección
to move, especially quickly and powerfull, influence an area
keep faith
empezar lección
to continue to support something or someone, or to do what you promised to do in a particular thing
reassure
empezar lección
to comfort someone and stop them from worrying
evil deeds
empezar lección
an intentional, very bad act
double down
empezar lección
increase effors or focus
inmate
empezar lección
a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
compound
empezar lección
an area surrounded by fences or walls that contains a group of buildings
8chan and 8kun
empezar lección
message boards filled with extreme language and views, violence and extreme sexual content on which Q posts
purveyor /pɚˈveɪ.ɚ/
empezar lección
a person or business that provides goods or services
chunk
empezar lección
a part of something, especially a large part
steadfast
empezar lección
staying the same for a long time and not changing quickly or unexpectedly
dupe
empezar lección
to deceive someone, usually by making that person do something that they did not intend to do
cabal kəˈbɑːl/
empezar lección
a small group of people who plan secretly to take action, especially political action
outlet
empezar lección
a way in which emotion or energy can be expressed or made use of
conspiratorial
empezar lección
relating to a secret plan to do something bad, illegal, or against someone's wishes
mindset
empezar lección
a person's way of thinking and their opinions
constitutional
empezar lección
allowed by or contained in a constitution
constitutionality
empezar lección
the quality of being allowed by or contained in a constitution
impending
empezar lección
used to refer to an event, usually something unpleasant or unwanted, that is going to happen soon
the House
empezar lección
the members of the organization that makes laws
circuit court
empezar lección
a court that tries cases in different places within the area under its authority
the Constitution
empezar lección
the set of political principles by which a state or organization is governed, especially in relation to the rights of the people it governs
the incumbent president
empezar lección
current president
bogus
empezar lección
false, not real, or not legal
legal expert
empezar lección
a professional in questions to do with the law
former president
empezar lección
previous president
Under the Constitution
empezar lección
accordingly to the Constitution
treason
empezar lección
(the crime of) showing no loyalty to your country, especially by helping its enemies or trying to defeat its government
bribery
empezar lección
an attempt to make someone do something for you by giving the person money, presents, or something else that they want
misdemeanor
empezar lección
a crime considered to be one of the less serious types of crime
precedent
empezar lección
an action, situation, or decision that has already happened and can be used as a reason why a similar action or decision should be performed or made
scholar
empezar lección
a learned person
op-ed /ˌɑːpˈed/
empezar lección
used to describe a piece of writing that expresses a personal opinion and is usually printed in a newspaper opposite the page on which the editorial is printed
respectively
empezar lección
in a way that relates or belongs to each of the separate people or things you have just mentioned
subsequently
empezar lección
after something else
disqualify
empezar lección
to officially stop someone from being in a competition or doing something because they are not suitable or they have done something wrong
tribe
empezar lección
a group of people, often of related families, who live together, sharing the same language, culture, and history, especially those who do not live in towns or cities
have a bearing on sth
empezar lección
to have an influence on something or a relationship to something
barred
empezar lección
blocked
the primary evidence
empezar lección
The best evidence that the circumstances admit; original or firsthand evidence that affords the greatest certainty of the matter in question
the gavel
empezar lección
a small hammer that an official in charge of a meeting hits against a wooden block or table to get people to be quiet and listen
litigation /ˌlɪt̬.əˈɡeɪ.ʃən/
empezar lección
the process of taking a case to a court of law so that a judgment can be made
jurisdiction
empezar lección
the authority of a court or official organization to make decisions and judgments
acquit
empezar lección
to decide officially in a law court that someone is not guilty of a particular crime
abrupt
empezar lección
sudden and unexpected, and often unpleasant
landing card
empezar lección
form with your personal details and date of arrival
customs declaration form
empezar lección
form showing how much money and what goods are you carrying
vaccination certificate
empezar lección
paper proving you have had the necessary health injections
entry restrictions
empezar lección
rules about who can enter a country and for how long
spot check / random check
empezar lección
checks done without warning
sniffer dogs
empezar lección
specially trained dogs who can smell drugs and bombs
clear customs
empezar lección
take your bags through customs
port of entry
empezar lección
the port or airport where you first enter a country
political asylum
empezar lección
permission to stay in another country to avoid political persecution back home
economic migrants
empezar lección
people who try to enter from poorer countries just to get work
traffic offence
empezar lección
breaking the rules of the road and driving
fixed penalty
empezar lección
fixed sum payable for a particular offence
on-the-spot fine
empezar lección
fine payable at the time and place that you commit the offence
parking ticket
empezar lección
paper placed on driver's windscreen fining them for illegal parking
breathalyser
empezar lección
an instrument which you blow into that shows if you have consumed alcohol recently
make a statement
empezar lección
say what happened and sign a copy of it
stop-and-search power
empezar lección
power to stop people and search them in the street
surveillance cameras
empezar lección
cameras that record everything that happens
surveillance /sɚˈveɪ.ləns/
empezar lección
the careful watching of a person or place, especially by the police or army, because of a crime that has happened or is expected
search warrant
empezar lección
official permission from a judge or magistrate to search your house
magistrate
empezar lección
a person who acts as a judge in a law court that deals with crimes that are less serious
security forces
empezar lección
often a name for the army and police together enforcing the law
plain clothes/undercover police
empezar lección
police who don't wear uniform
paramilitary police
empezar lección
police who are more like soldiers than civilian police officers
drug squad
empezar lección
police specially trained to fight the illegal drug trade
anti-corruption squad
empezar lección
police specially trained to discover and fight bribery
spot check
empezar lección
to check or inspect something in an irregular way
lorries (lorry)
empezar lección
a truck; a large road vehicle that is used for transporting goods
drink-driving
empezar lección
driving after you have drunk some alcohol
to tap sb's phone
empezar lección
to listen to sb's phone calls without them knowing about it
power to stop and search
empezar lección
power to stop people and search them in the street
(to carry out) surveillance operation
empezar lección
the art of monitoring a target or subject's activities through observation and close watch
(to set up) a roadblock
empezar lección
a temporary structure put across a road to stop traffic
photofit picture
empezar lección
computer-generated picture that represents as closely as possible a person's memory of a criminal's face, made by putting together photographs of eyes, nose, hair, etc. from a set showing different types of features
windscreen
empezar lección
windshield (US)
a witness TO sth
empezar lección
świadek
stowaway
empezar lección
a person who hides aboard a ship or plane in the hope of getting free passage
a person who is being trafficed through a border
empezar lección
a person who is being trafficed through a border
plant sth (drugs) on someone
empezar lección
To place and conceal something in or among someone's possessions or clothing without their knowledge or permission.
the death penalty
empezar lección
the legal punishment of death for a crime
humane
empezar lección
showing kindness, care, and sympathy towards others, especially those who are suffering
to botch sth
empezar lección
to spoil something by doing it badly
prolonged
empezar lección
continuing for a long time
condemn sb to (do) sth
empezar lección
to say what the punishment of someone who has committed a serious crime will be
lethal injection
empezar lección
an injection of a drug that kills someone, especially as a punishment for committing a crime
disturbing
empezar lección
making you feel worried or upset
to struggle to do sth
empezar lección
to experience difficulty and make a very great effort in order to do something
death chamber / execution chamber
empezar lección
a room or chamber in which capital punishment is carried out
to liken sth to sth
empezar lección
to say that someone is similar to or has the same qualities as someone else
to snore
empezar lección
to breathe in a very noisy way while you are sleeping
experimental
empezar lección
relating to tests, especially scientific ones
using or based on new ideas
empezar lección
using or based on new ideas
to file an appeal
empezar lección
to officially record a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
to file
empezar lección
to officially record something, especially in a law court
appeal
empezar lección
a request made to a court of law or to someone in authority to change a previous decision
emergency appeal
empezar lección
emergency appeal
an attorney (US)
empezar lección
a lawyer
an inmate
empezar lección
a person who is kept in a prison or a hospital for people who are mentally ill
a stay (of execution)
empezar lección
an order by a court to temporarily stop an action or an earlier court decision being carried out
to writhe
empezar lección
to make large twisting movements with the body
a gurney
empezar lección
a light bed on wheels, used to move patients in a hospital
to scramble to do sth
empezar lección
to hurry or try very hard to get sth, often competing with other people
to put a stop to sth
empezar lección
to stop an unpleasant, unwanted activity or habit from continuing
to pass away
empezar lección
to die
excruciating
empezar lección
extremely painful
a pool of blood
empezar lección
a small area of blood
a deterrent /dɪˈter.ənt/
empezar lección
something that deters people from doing something
to languish
empezar lección
to exist in an unpleasant or unwanted situation, often for a long time
stooped to someone's level
empezar lección
to behave as badly as someone who has treated one wrongly
sentence
empezar lección
a punishment given by a judge in court to a person or organization after they have been found guilty of doing something wrong
stooped
empezar lección
with the the top half of the body bent forward and down
heinous
empezar lección
very bad and shocking
abolish
empezar lección
to end an activity or custom officially
to tap someone's phone
empezar lección
to tap means to listen to phone calls without the people involved knowing
on death row
empezar lección
in prison and waiting to be killed as a punishment for a crime
to retract a confession
empezar lección
to take back a confession or to admit that a statement was false
(to be) on the fence
empezar lección
not able to decide something
hanging
empezar lección
the act of killing someone, especially as a punishment for a serious crime, by dropping that person with a rope tied around their neck
firing squad
empezar lección
Group of soldiers set to kill a prisoner as a punishment
stoning
empezar lección
to kill someone as a punishment by throwing stones at them
to be crucified
empezar lección
to be killed by tying or fastening with nails to a cross and left there to die
decapitation
empezar lección
beheading
burn at the stake
empezar lección
to be tied to a wooden pole and burnt to death as a punishment
coctail
empezar lección
a mixture of different things, often an unexpected, dangerous, or exciting one
A misscarriage of justice
empezar lección
a situation in which someone is punished by the law courts for a crime that they have not committed
fitting penalty
empezar lección
appropriate, proper, suitable punishment
covering letter
empezar lección
a letter that you send with something, to explain what you are sending or to give extra information
career path
empezar lección
the way that you progress in your work, either in one job or in a series of jobs
promotion prospects
empezar lección
chances of getting a promotion
claim form
empezar lección
an official document that you use to request an amount of money from an organization, when you think you are owed it
reimburse
empezar lección
to pay back money to someone who has spent it for you or lost it because of you
travel expenses
empezar lección
money that your employer pays you because you are spending that amount on travel that is necessary for your work
working conditions
empezar lección
the environment of the workplace
job description
empezar lección
a list of the responsibilities that you have and the duties that you are expected to perform in your work
favourable
empezar lección
showing that you like or approve of someone or something; positive
trial period
empezar lección
a period of time during which someone or something is tested
sick pay
empezar lección
money given by an employer to someone who cannot work because of illness
pension scheme
empezar lección
a system for saving money for your retirement
graduate
empezar lección
a person who has a first degree from a university or college
extra time
empezar lección
a period of time in a sports game in which play continues if neither team has won in the usual time allowed for the game
supplementary
empezar lección
additional
overtime
empezar lección
(time spent working) after the usual time needed or expected in a job
double time
empezar lección
twice the usual rate of pay for a job
sheer
empezar lección
used to emphasize how very great, important, or powerful a quality or feeling is; nothing except
labour
empezar lección
practical work, especially when it involves hard physical effort
industry
empezar lección
the companies and activities involved in the process of producing goods for sale, especially in a factory or special area
forefront
empezar lección
the most noticeable or important position
main
empezar lección
larger, more important, or having more influence than others of the same type
principal
empezar lección
first in order of importance
leading
empezar lección
very important or most important
odds
empezar lección
the probability that a particular thing will or will not happen
opportunity
empezar lección
a chance to do something
likelihood
empezar lección
the chance that something will happen
vocation
empezar lección
a type of work that you feel you are suited to doing and to which you should give all your time and energy, or the feeling that a type of work suits you in this way
vacancy
empezar lección
a job that no one is doing and is therefore available for someone new to do
employment
empezar lección
the fact of someone being paid to work for a company or organization
steady
empezar lección
constant
takeover
empezar lección
a situation in which a company gets control of another company by buying enough of its shares
resignation
empezar lección
the act of telling your employer that you are leaving your job
notification
empezar lección
the act of telling someone officially about something, or a document, etc. that does this
retirement
empezar lección
the act of leaving your job and stopping working, usually because you are old
dismissal
empezar lección
the situation in which an employer officially makes someone leave their job
productivity
empezar lección
the rate at which a company or country makes goods
substantial
empezar lección
large in size, value, or importance
investment
empezar lección
the action or process of investing money for profit or material result.
qualification
empezar lección
an official record showing that you have finished a training course or have the necessary skills
expertise
empezar lección
a high level of knowledge or skill
industrial action
empezar lección
an occasion when workers do something that is intended to force an employer to agree to something, especially by stopping work
dispute
empezar lección
an argument or disagreement, especially an official one between, for example, workers and employers
representative
empezar lección
someone who speaks or does something officially for another person or group of people
economize
empezar lección
to try to save money by reducing the amount that you are spending
streamlined
empezar lección
improved or made simpler
clarified
empezar lección
made clear
executive
empezar lección
someone in a high position, especially in business, who makes decisions and puts them into action
foreman
empezar lección
a skilled person with experience who is in charge of and watches over a group of workers
manufacturer
empezar lección
a company that produces goods in large numbers
trainee
empezar lección
a person who is learning and practising the skills of a particular job
agent
empezar lección
a person who acts for or represents another
industrialist
empezar lección
an owner or an employee in a high position in industry
labourer
empezar lección
a person who does unskilled physical work, especially outside
dealer
empezar lección
a person who trades in something
headhunt
empezar lección
to persuade someone to leave their job by offering that person another job with more pay and a higher position
tether
empezar lección
a rope or chain used to tie, especially an animal, to a post or other fixed place, usually so that it can move freely within a small area
the sack
empezar lección
a situation in which someone is removed from their job
grindstone
empezar lección
a large, round stone that is turned by a machine and is used to make tools sharper or sharp edges smooth
golden handshake
empezar lección
a usually large payment made to people when they leave their job
on the go
empezar lección
very busy
overlook
empezar lección
to fail to notice or consider something or someone
keep someone on their toes
empezar lección
to cause or force someone to be alert and ready for anything that might happen
complacent /kəmˈpleɪ.sənt/
empezar lección
feeling so satisfied with your own abilities or situation that you feel you do not need to try any harder
right up your street/alley
empezar lección
to be the type of thing that you are interested in or that you enjoy doing
glass ceiling
empezar lección
a point after which you cannot go any further, usually in improving your position at work
living wage
empezar lección
money you earn from your job that is enough to pay for the things you need to live, such as food and a home
minimum wage
empezar lección
the smallest amount of money that employers are legally allowed to pay someone who works for them
whistleblower
empezar lección
a person who tells someone in authority about something illegal that is happening, especially in a government department or a company
cope with
empezar lección
to deal successfully with a difficult situation or job
vanishing
empezar lección
beginning to disappear
cease to exist
empezar lección
stop existing forever, to stop happening or continuing
economical
empezar lección
not costing or spending much money
economics
empezar lección
the study of the way that goods and services are produced and sold and the way money is managed
(unc.)
empezar lección
(unc.)
economic
empezar lección
relating to the economy of a particular country or region
economy
empezar lección
the system by which a country's trade, industry, and money are organized (countable)
familiar
empezar lección
well known to you, or easily recognized by you
replaced by
empezar lección
to take the place of something that was there before
linked
empezar lección
if people, things, or events are linked, they are related to each other in some way
key in sth
empezar lección
to enter information into a computer or other device using a keyboard or buttons:
dig deep
empezar lección
to manage to find a lot of money for something
handprint
empezar lección
a mark left by someone's hand
instance
empezar lección
a particular situation, event, or fact, especially an example of something that happens generally
attached
empezar lección
joined or fixed to something
pocket money
empezar lección
money that parents regularly give to their children
capacity
empezar lección
the amount of something that can be put in a container, or the number of people that a place has room for
capability
empezar lección
the ability to do something
sheer
empezar lección
used for emphasizing the amount or degree of something
complete
empezar lección
used for emphasizing that someone or something has a particular quality
He's a complete idiot!
empezar lección
He's a complete idiot!
spending power
empezar lección
the degree to which people have money to buy products and services
downright
empezar lección
completely or extremely: used for emphasizing how bad someone or something is
She was downright rude!
empezar lección
She was downright rude!
rattling
empezar lección
a sound similar to a series of quickly repeated knocks
haggle
empezar lección
to argue in order to agree on the price of something
have a nest-egg
empezar lección
to have some savings
expenditure
empezar lección
An amount of money spent.
to be in debt
empezar lección
to owe money to someone
thrifty
empezar lección
careful about how you spend money so that you do not waste any
to be paid on commission
empezar lección
an extra amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a product or get a new customer
We lend money
empezar lección
We let people borrow from us
wage
empezar lección
an amount of money that you earn for working, usually according to how many hours or days you work each week or month
salary
empezar lección
a fixed amount of money that you earn each month or year from your job
current account
empezar lección
a bank account that you can take money out of whenever you want using a cheque or a cash card. The American word is checking account.
household bills
empezar lección
bills such as gas or water
savings account
empezar lección
a bank account that earns interest
(earn) interest
empezar lección
money that you receive from an institution such as a bank when you keep money in an account there
rate
empezar lección
an amount of money that is paid or charged
down payment
empezar lección
a first payment that you make when you are buying something and are going to pay the rest later
(monthly) instalments
empezar lección
one of several payments that an amount is divided into, so that you do not have to pay the whole amount at one time
stock market
empezar lección
the activities connected with buying and selling shares in companies
= stock exchange
empezar lección
= stock exchange
business venture
empezar lección
a new business or business activity, especially one that involves risk
fall through
empezar lección
fail to happen
raise capital
empezar lección
get money to put into a business
tax return
empezar lección
form used to file income taxes
(a form that some people must fill in to give information about how much they have earned in a year)
empezar lección
(a form that some people must fill in to give information about how much they have earned in a year)
self-employed
empezar lección
working for yourself
grant
empezar lección
an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back. (Money that you have to pay back is called a loan)
scholarship
empezar lección
COUNTABLE an amount of money that an organization gives to someone so that they can study at a particular school or university
subsidy
empezar lección
an amount of money that the government or another organization pays to help to reduce the cost of a product or service
fetch
empezar lección
to be sold for a particular amount of money, especially at an auction
take out
empezar lección
to get something officially, especially from an insurance company, bank, or law court
withdraw
empezar lección
to take money from a bank account
receipts
empezar lección
the total amount of money that a business or organization receives in a particular period of time
takings
empezar lección
all the money that a business gets from selling things
prosperous
empezar lección
rich and successful
fortunate
empezar lección
lucky
wealthy
empezar lección
very rich
costly
empezar lección
expensive, especially too expensive
priceless
empezar lección
too valuable to be measured by price
valueless
empezar lección
without worth
worthless
empezar lección
without value; not worth anything
settle
empezar lección
to pay all the money that you owe to a particular person or company
fall in value
empezar lección
depreciate
come into a fortune
empezar lección
to get some money unexpectedly, usually by inheritance
invest
empezar lección
to use your money with the aim of making a profit from it, for example by buying property or buying shares in a company
made redundant
empezar lección
to lose your job because the company has no longer work available for you
qualified for early retirement
empezar lección
...
booming business
empezar lección
experiencing a period of economic success, with a lot of trade and business activity
to be declared bankrupt
empezar lección
bankrupt has officially admitted that they have no money and cannot pay what they owe
account
empezar lección
an arrangement in which a bank looks after your money. You can deposit (=put in) or withdraw (=take out) money when you need to
acordingly
empezar lección
in a way that is suitable or right for the situation
make a wise investment
empezar lección
to invest your money in a good way
competitive (loan)
empezar lección
offering goods or services at cheaper prices than other companies
mortgage /ˈmɔː(r)ɡɪdʒ/
empezar lección
a legal agreement in which you borrow money from a bank in order to buy a house. You pay back your ... by making monthly payments
on the market
empezar lección
available for sale
(maintain account) in credit
empezar lección
to have more money in an account than the amount that you have taken out
financial advice
empezar lección
Information, advice, and assistance with a wide range of financial topics.
free of charge
empezar lección
without payment
stocks
empezar lección
money that people invest in the government, producing a fixed rate of interest
share
empezar lección
one of the equal parts of a company that you can buy as a way of investing money
currency
empezar lección
the system of money used in a particular country
enterprise
empezar lección
an organization, especially a business, or a difficult and important plan, especially one that will earn money
free enterprise
empezar lección
an economic system in which private businesses compete with each other to sell goods and services in order to make a profit, and in which government control is limited to protecting the public and running the economy
firmly
empezar lección
used for saying that an idea, feeling etc is fixed and unlikely to change
asking price
empezar lección
the price that someone wants for something they are selling
pension fund
empezar lección
money that employees of a company pay regularly to be invested to provide them with a pension when they are older
insurance claim
empezar lección
formal request to the insurance company for reimbursement for a loss or accident
sales figures
empezar lección
a report of the income a company generates through sales of products or services
raise a loan
empezar lección
to take OUT a loan
credit rating
empezar lección
financial information about someone that a bank or shop uses for deciding whether to lend them money or to give them credit
take over
empezar lección
to take control of something
independent financial adviser
empezar lección
a person who gives advice about and sells investments, insurance and other financial products but who does not work for a bank or insurance company
concerning
empezar lección
about a particular subject
inconvenience
empezar lección
an annoying problem or situation, especially one that forces you to make an extra effort to do something
endeavour /ɪnˈdevə(r)/
empezar lección
an effort to do something, especially something new or difficult
time slot
empezar lección
a time when something can happen or is planned to happen, especially when it is one of several possible times
invoice
empezar lección
a document giving details of goods or services that someone has bought and must pay for
delayed
empezar lección
later than is planned or expected
dispatch
empezar lección
to send someone or something somewhere
maintain
empezar lección
to make something stay the same
goodwill gesture
empezar lección
a feeling of wanting to be friendly and helpful to someone
deducting
empezar lección
to take an amount or number from a total
cheque
empezar lección
a piece of printed paper that you can use instead of money to pay for things.
enclosed
empezar lección
sent in an envelope with a letter
appreciate
empezar lección
to be grateful for something
acknowledgement
empezar lección
a letter telling you that someone has received something you sent them
freepost
empezar lección
a system in the UK by which businesses pay the charges for letters that their customers send to them
consult sb about sth
empezar lección
...
volatile
explosive
empezar lección
highly unstable
unpredictable
subsidy
empezar lección
an amount of money that the government or another organization pays to help to reduce the cost of a product or service
allowance
empezar lección
an amount of money that someone receives regularly, in order to pay for the things they need
fine
empezar lección
an amount of money that you have to pay because you have broken the law
grant
empezar lección
an amount of money that the government or an organization gives you for a specific purpose and does not ask you to pay back.
pension
empezar lección
money that someone regularly receives after they have stopped working because of their age, paid either by their company or by the government
exceed
empezar lección
to go or be beyond the limit or expectations
target
empezar lección
aim, goal
bonus
empezar lección
extra money that you are paid in addition to your usual salary
donation
empezar lección
money or goods that you give to an organization, especially one that helps people
gratuity
empezar lección
a small amount of money that you give to someone to thank them for doing something for you
premium
empezar lección
an amount of money that you pay regularly for an insurance policy
income tax
empezar lección
tax on earnings
annual income
empezar lección
The total amount of income an individual earns in a year from working, interest income, dividends, gifts, and so forth.
expenditure
empezar lección
money spent by a government, organization, or person
expense /ɪkˈspens/
empezar lección
an amount of money that you spend in order to buy or do something
price
empezar lección
The amount of money exchanged for a good or service
penalty
empezar lección
a punishment for breaking a rule or law
ransom
empezar lección
the amount of money that someone wants to be paid before they will let a person who they are keeping prisoner go free
reward
empezar lección
prize
aid
empezar lección
money, food, or other help that an organization or government gives to a country or area where people need it, for example because of a war or flood
loan
empezar lección
an amount of money that a person, business, or country borrows, especially from a bank
supplement
empezar lección
to add extra money to the amount that you normally earn
implement
empezar lección
to make something such as an idea, plan, system, or law start to work and be used
commission
empezar lección
an amount of money that you earn in your job every time you sell a product or get a new customer
provision
empezar lección
the act of providing something that someone needs
fee
empezar lección
money that you pay to a professional person or institution for their work
income
empezar lección
money that someone gets from working or from investing money
bear to
empezar lección
tolerate
give in
empezar lección
to stop competing or arguing and accept that you cannot win
let out
empezar lección
to allow a person or animal to leave a place
part with
empezar lección
to give something to someone although you would prefer to keep it
pay off
empezar lección
if something that you do pays off, it brings you some benefit
bulk
empezar lección
something that is very large, wide, and solid
gross /ɡrəʊs/
empezar lección
a gross amount of money is the total amount before taxes or costs have been taken out
mass
empezar lección
a large quantity or number
wholesale /ˈhoʊl.seɪl/
empezar lección
relating to the business of selling large quantities of goods, especially to people who are going to sell them in a shop / hutrownia
net income
empezar lección
income that is left after tax has been paid)
alter
empezar lección
to change or modify
to cash
empezar lección
to exchange a cheque for its value in notes and coins
a postal order (UK), a money order(US)
empezar lección
an official piece of paper with an amount of money written on it that you can send or give to someone who can then exchange it for the same amount of money at a post office
penniless
empezar lección
without money; poor
well deserved
empezar lección
that someone completely deserves to have because of the way they have behaved or the qualities they have
well off
empezar lección
rich, wealthy
spare sth for
empezar lección
available to be shared, or given to someone, because it is additional to what you need for yourself
provide
empezar lección
to give someone something that they want or need
exemption
empezar lección
permission to ignore something such as a rule, obligation, or payment
concern
empezar lección
to worry
impose
empezar lección
to introduce something such as a new law or new system, and force people to accept it
regard
empezar lección
to think of someone or something in a particular way
benefit
empezar lección
advantage
winning
empezar lección
used about things that make someone attractive or successful
permit
empezar lección
an official document that gives you permission to do something
estimates
empezar lección
an amount that you guess or calculate using the information available
receipts
empezar lección
a document that you get from someone showing that you have given them money or goods
salary
empezar lección
A fixed amount of money paid to an employee, usually worker of the higher rank
wage
empezar lección
An amount of money paid to an employee at a specific rate per hour worked.
alimony
empezar lección
payments made regularly to an ex-spouse after divorce
upkeep
empezar lección
maintenance
duty
empezar lección
import tax
interest
empezar lección
money that a person or institution such as a bank charges you for lending you money
fare
empezar lección
the money that you pay for a journey
to deposit
empezar lección
to put money into an account
government bonds
empezar lección
a document given to someone who invests money in a government or company, promising to pay back the money with interest
saving account
empezar lección
a bank account that earns interest
beads
empezar lección
little round jewelery for necklaces and bracelets
cattle
empezar lección
cows and bulls kept by farmers for their milk or meat.
exchange rate
empezar lección
the value of the money of one country when you change it into the money of another country
a deposit
empezar lección
a first payment that you make when you agree to buy something expensive such as a car or house. The rest of the money that you pay later is called the balance
dividend
empezar lección
a share of the profits of a company, paid once or twice a year to the people who own the company's shares
legacy
empezar lección
an amount of money or property left to someone in a will
overdraft
empezar lección
an agreement with your bank that allows you to spend money when you have no money left in your account
royalties
empezar lección
a payment that someone such as a writer or musician gets each time their work is sold or performed
shareholder
empezar lección
an owner of shares in a company
going rate
empezar lección
the usual amount of money that people are paying for something
tax relief
empezar lección
The payment of less tax
assistance
empezar lección
help or support
clasp
empezar lección
to hold someone or something tightly with your hand
grasp
empezar lección
hold firmly
seize
empezar lección
to gain control in a situation
tackle
empezar lección
to make an organized and determined attempt to deal with a problem, often a social problem such as crime or unemployment
inheritance
empezar lección
property or money that you receive from someone when they die
dowry
empezar lección
money and property that, in some cultures, a woman's family gives to her husband when they get married
heirloom /ˈer.luːm/
empezar lección
a valuable or special possession that has belonged to a family for many years
heritage
empezar lección
legacy or tradition
assets
empezar lección
something such as money or property that a person or company owns
abundance
empezar lección
a very large quantity of something
overflow
empezar lección
an extra amount of people or things that do not fit into a particular space
surplus /ˈsɝː.pləs/
empezar lección
more of something than is necessary
contribution
empezar lección
a regular payment that you make when you are working that helps to pay for your pension or for benefits for people who are unemployed or ill
tribute
empezar lección
to say or do something that shows you respect and admire someone a lot
subscription
empezar lección
an agreement to pay an amount of money so that you will receive something such as a magazine or a service.
unscrupulous
empezar lección
having or showing no moral principles; not honest or fair
fall prey to
empezar lección
become a victim of
sacrifice
empezar lección
something given up for the sake of another
scapegoat
empezar lección
someone who is blamed for something that is not their fault, especially because someone else wants to avoid being blamed
windfall
empezar lección
an amount of money that you get when you are not expecting it, especially a large amount
striking
empezar lección
attracting your interest or attention because of some unusual feature
stringent
empezar lección
stringent rules or conditions are strict and make you achieve high standards
substantial
empezar lección
of considerable importance, size, or worth
palpable
empezar lección
obvious or very easily noticed
tangible
empezar lección
important and noticeable; something that is tangible is something that you can touch
split the difference
empezar lección
to do, give, or take an amount of something that is between two other amounts, often as a way of reaching an agreement
mint
empezar lección
to make a coin from metal
mould
empezar lección
to give something a particular shape or form
dole queue
empezar lección
the number of people who do not have a job and who are receiving money from the government
liable for
empezar lección
legally responsible for
hurl
empezar lección
to throw something using a lot of force
lob
empezar lección
to throw something so that it goes high into the air
toss
empezar lección
to throw something somewhere gently or in a slightly careless way
wide of the mark
empezar lección
incorrect
broad
empezar lección
very wide
distant
empezar lección
far away
Western World
empezar lección
Any part of the world to the west of one's own region; applied specifically to the Americas and the Caribbean, or to Europe, as opposed to the Middle East and Orient.
deviation
empezar lección
the action of doing something that is different from the usual or common way of behaving
differentiation
empezar lección
the act of showing or finding difference between things that are compared
distance
empezar lección
the amount of space between two places
per annum
empezar lección
by the year; annually
annex
empezar lección
1. to take possession of an area of land or a country and add it to a larger area, usually by force
2. an addition to a building, or another building, used with an existing building
empezar lección
2. an addition to a building, or another building, used with an existing building
3. an addition to a document or report
empezar lección
3. an addition to a document or report
increment
empezar lección
one of a series of increases
prize
empezar lección
something valuable, such as an amount of money, that is given to someone who succeeds in a competition or game or that is given to someone as a reward for doing very good work
subsidise
empezar lección
to pay part of the cost of something
contribute
empezar lección
to give something, especially money, in order to provide or achieve something together with other people
endow
empezar lección
to give a large amount of money to pay for creating a college, hospital, etc. or to provide an income for it
deduction
empezar lección
the process of reaching a decision or answer by thinking about the known facts, or the decision that is reached
discount
empezar lección
a reduction in the usual price
rebate
empezar lección
an amount of money that is returned to you, especially by the government, for example when you have paid too much tax
share price
empezar lección
the price of a particular company's shares
the Stock Exchange
empezar lección
a place where shares in companies are bought and sold, or the organization of people whose job is to do this buying or selling
plunge
empezar lección
to (cause someone or something to) move or fall suddenly and often a long way forward, down, or into something
recover
empezar lección
to become successful or normal again after being damaged or having problems
regain
empezar lección
to reach or return to a place, especially after difficulty or danger
restore
empezar lección
to return something or someone to an earlier good condition or position
retrieve
empezar lección
to find and bring back something
bankrupt
empezar lección
unable to pay what you owe, and having had control of your financial matters given, by a law court, to a person who sells your property to pay your debts; having no money
charge
empezar lección
to ask an amount of money for something, especially a service or activity
liability
empezar lección
debts
promise
empezar lección
to tell someone that you will certainly do something
capital
empezar lección
money and possessions, especially a large amount of money used for producing more wealth or for starting a new business
bound up
empezar lección
closely connected or involved
knotted
empezar lección
joined by having been tied together in a knot, or containing a knot or knots
lock up
empezar lección
an agreement or period of time during which someone cannot get back the money they have invested
tie up something
empezar lección
to limit someone's or something's movement or use
tax refund
empezar lección
money you recieve when you overpaid your taxes
creditor
empezar lección
a person or company that is owed money by another person or company
child support (BrE) child maintenance (AmE)
empezar lección
money that you pay to your ex-wife or ex-husband to help your children after you are divorced
to be overdrown
empezar lección
if you are overdrawn, or if your bank account is overdrawn, you owe your bank money that you have spent when there was no money in your account
to hoard money
empezar lección
to have a large amount
tax evasion
empezar lección
the use of illegal methods to pay less tax or to pay no tax at all
subsidiary
empezar lección
a company that is owned by a larger company
demographic timebomb
empezar lección
a predicted shortage of school-leavers and consequently of available workers, caused by an earlier drop in the birth rate, resulting in an older workforce
egalitarian
empezar lección
supporting a social system in which everyone has equal status and the same money and opportunities
to draw money out
empezar lección
to take your money form your bank account
obtain
empezar lección
to get
deficit
empezar lección
A deficiency or lack of something
deterioration
empezar lección
the process of becoming worse than before
devaluation
empezar lección
an official reduction in the value of a country's money
specimen signature
empezar lección
a copy of your name written by yourself that a bank or other organization keeps so that they can be sure that your name on a cheque or other document was also written by you:
cater
empezar lección
to provide food and drinks at an event
subtract
empezar lección
to take away a small part of something
branch
empezar lección
part of organisation
quarter
empezar lección
a part of a town where you find particular buildings, activities, or people
the Chinese quarter of the city
empezar lección
the Chinese quarter of the city
assure
empezar lección
to tell someone that something will definitely happen or is definitely true, especially in order to remove doubt about it
ensure
empezar lección
to make something certain to happen
insure
empezar lección
to protect yourself against risk by regularly paying a special company that will provide a fixed amount of money if you are killed or injured or if your home or possessions are damaged, destroyed, or stolen
extract
empezar lección
to remove a substance from another substance
encased
empezar lección
to cover or enclose something completely:
The medal was encased in clear plastic.
empezar lección
The medal was encased in clear plastic.
a form of identification
empezar lección
a document that can prove your identity
safekeeping
empezar lección
the act of protecting something
lender/creditor
empezar lección
an organization or person that lends money.
borrower/debtor [ˈdetə(r)]
empezar lección
person who borrows money or uses credit
sliding scale
empezar lección
a system of making payments or paying taxes where the amount that you pay changes according to a fixed set of rates
gauge
empezar lección
to make a judgment or guess about a situation, action, or person based on the information that you have
I failed to gaug
empezar lección
I failed to gaug
enquiries
empezar lección
a question intended to get information about someone or something
arouse
empezar lección
to cause an emotion or attitude
elicit
empezar lección
to make someone react in the way that you want
extort
empezar lección
to illegally get money or information from someone by using force or threats
financial backing
empezar lección
support in the form of money
cash flow
empezar lección
the difference between cash coming in and cash going out of a business
cashing up
empezar lección
to count and check all the money that a shop has received in a day
petty cash
empezar lección
a small amount of money in coins or notes that a business or organization keeps available to pay for small things
overdue
empezar lección
a payment that is overdue should have been paid before now
indebted
empezar lección
owing money
unbalanced
empezar lección
mentally ill
counterfeit
empezar lección
illegal copies made in order to trick people
mimic
empezar lección
o copy someone's voice, behaviour, or appearance, especially in order to make people laugh or to make someone feel annoyed or embarrassed
mock
empezar lección
not real but intended to look or seem real
takes your fancy
empezar lección
you like it, or you want to have or do it
to beat sb up
empezar lección
to hurt someone badly by hitting or kicking them repeatedly
to toil
empezar lección
to work hard (especially physically)
a beam
empezar lección
a long, thick piece of wood, metal, or concrete, especially used to support weight in a building or other structure
to put your life on the line
empezar lección
To put oneself in harm's way to achieve something, especially at the risk of losing one's life. (Sometimes used hyperbolically.)
to catch fire
empezar lección
to start burning
cut
empezar lección
throat- competing in a strong and unfair way, without considering any harm caused to others (np. business)
at the sharp end
empezar lección
the part of an activity, such as a job, where the most problems are likely to be found
a slut
empezar lección
a woman who has sexual relationships with a lot of men without any emotional involvement or UK: a woman who is usually untidy and lazy
to meet a deadline
empezar lección
to finish work on time, by the agreed date.
to churn sth out
empezar lección
to produce large amounts of something quickly, usually something of low quality- substandard; of inferior quality
the high street
empezar lección
a street where the most important shops and businesses in a town are
a death trap
empezar lección
something that is very dangerous and could cause death
to give way to sth
empezar lección
to be replaced by something, especially because it is better, cheaper, easier, etc
torchlight
empezar lección
light given by torches
to regain consciousness
empezar lección
to become conscious again: to wake up
a pillar
empezar lección
a strong column made of stone, metal, or wood that supports part of a building
an official
empezar lección
a person who has a position of responsibility in an organization
to assure sb
empezar lección
to tell someone confidently that something is true, especially so that they do not worry
to be riddled with sth
empezar lección
to be fulled of; If a plan or system, etc. is riddled with bad features, such as mistakes, it is full of them
a garment
empezar lección
a piece of clothing
a succession of
empezar lección
a number of similar events or people that happen, exist, etc. after each other
in succession
empezar lección
happening one after another
to cast a shadow over
empezar lección
to spoil a good situation with something unpleasant
to clean up one's act
empezar lección
to change the way you behave, so that you stop doing bad or dishonest things
in the space of + time period
empezar lección
before the end of (a stated time): in (a stated time) or less
apparel
empezar lección
clothes, esp. of a special type; np: women's
by no means
empezar lección
not in any way
to back sth
empezar lección
to give support to someone or something
to crumble
empezar lección
to break, or cause something to break, into small piece
notoriously
empezar lección
/noʊˈtɔːr.i.əs.li/ in a way that is famous for something bad
to stand up for one's rights
empezar lección
to defend one's rights; to defend or support a particular idea or a person who is being criticized or attacked
to conceal sth
empezar lección
to prevent something from being seen or known about
put up with
empezar lección
to accept or continue to accept an unpleasant situation or experience, or someone who behaves unpleasantly
culpable
empezar lección
deserving to be blamed or considered responsible for something bad
infringed
empezar lección
broken (about human rights)
ad lib
empezar lección
said without any preparation or practice
swap
empezar lección
to give something and be given something else instead
flexible
empezar lección
can work in different ways, at different times, or in different places when it is necessary
dependable
empezar lección
you can have confidence in him, her, or it
hardworking
empezar lección
always putting a lot of effort and care into your work
creative
empezar lección
producing or using original and unusual ideas
resourceful
empezar lección
skilled at solving problems and making decisions on your own
methodical (also systematic?)
empezar lección
do things in a very ordered, careful way
proactive
empezar lección
(taking action by causing change and not only reacting to change when it happens)
ambitious
empezar lección
having a strong desire for success, achievement, power, or wealth)
motivated
empezar lección
very enthusiastic or determined because you really want to do something
results-oriented (also goal-oriented?)
empezar lección
works hard to achieve good results in the tasks that they have been given
organised
empezar lección
People who plan things well and don't waste time
disciplined
empezar lección
behaving in a very controlled way
tenacious
empezar lección
unwilling to accept defeat or stop doing or having something
independent
empezar lección
not influenced or controlled in any way by other people, events, or things
open-minded
empezar lección
willing to consider ideas and opinions that are new or different to your own
passionate about...
empezar lección
having very strong feelings or emotions
determined
empezar lección
wanting to do something very much and not allowing anyone or any difficulties to stop you
persistent
empezar lección
continues doing something or tries to do something in a determined but often unreasonable way
focused
empezar lección
giving a lot of attention to one particular thing
a team-player
empezar lección
someone who is good at working closely with other people
meticulous
empezar lección
giving or showing careful attention to every detail
empathetic
empezar lección
having the ability to imagine how someone else feels
patient
empezar lección
the ability to wait, or to continue doing something despite difficulties, or to suffer without complaining or becoming annoyed
thorough
empezar lección
paying close attention to detail
conscientious
empezar lección
putting a lot of effort into your work
gregarious
empezar lección
liking to be with other people
introvert
empezar lección
someone who is shy, quiet, and prefers to spend time alone rather than often being with other people
a problem solver
empezar lección
finding solutions to problems
a people person
empezar lección
someone who is friendly and enjoys meeting and talking to people
sociable
empezar lección
like to meet and spend time with other people
a born leader
empezar lección
someone with an innate capacity to effectively manage and lead groups of people to achieve collective goals
a go-getter
empezar lección
someone who is very energetic, determined to be successful, and able to deal with new or difficult situations easily
relish
empezar lección
to like or enjoy something
thrive
empezar lección
to grow, develop, or be successful
shrinking habitats
empezar lección
places where animals live and breed which are decreasing in size
endangered species
empezar lección
types of animals/plants which are in danger of no longer existing
global warming
empezar lección
steady rise in average world temperatures
climate change
empezar lección
changes in the weather/climate
carbon dioxide emissions
empezar lección
carbon dioxide gas from factories, cars, etc.
fossil fuels
empezar lección
coal, oil, etc.
greenhouse effect
empezar lección
warming of the Earth's surface caused by pollution
exerts severe pressure on
empezar lección
formal: puts pressure on
finite resources
empezar lección
limited resources
ecological balance
empezar lección
balance of natural relationships in the environment
deforestation
empezar lección
destruction/clearing of forests
demographic projections
empezar lección
forecasts about the population
the worst case scenario
empezar lección
the worst possibilities for the future
pristine environment
empezar lección
perfectly clean/untouched/unspoilt area
green credentials
empezar lección
reputation for positive support of the environment
prophets of doom and gloom
empezar lección
people who always make the most depressing or pessimistic predictions about the future
sustainable development
empezar lección
development of industry, etc. wich does not threaten the environment or social and economic stability
piecemeal conservation
empezar lección
carrying out conservation one bit at a time, with no overall plan
amphibian
empezar lección
able to live both on land and in water
climate
empezar lección
the general weather conditions usually found in a particular place
demography
empezar lección
the study of changes in the number of births, marriages, deaths, etc. in a particular area during a period of time
projection
empezar lección
a calculation or guess about the future based on information that you have
sustainability
empezar lección
the quality of causing little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time
reptile
empezar lección
an animal that produces eggs and uses the heat of the sun to keep its blood warm
mammals
empezar lección
any animal of which the female feeds her young on milk from her own body. Most mammals give birth to live young, not eggs
dire
empezar lección
saying that something very bad is going to happen
imminent /ˈɪmɪnənt/
empezar lección
likely to happen very soon
nigh /naɪ/
empezar lección
to be going to happen soon
assert
empezar lección
to state firmly that something is true
insofar as
empezar lección
to the degree that
time-honoured
empezar lección
done in the same way for a very long time
prophet of doom /ˈprɑː.fɪt/
empezar lección
someone who always expects bad things to happen
a bit of a draught /dræft/
empezar lección
a current of unpleasantly cold air blowing through a room
to get caught in a downpour
empezar lección
to get caught in a large amount of rain that falls quickly
to stalk one's prey
empezar lección
prey - an animal that is hunted and killed for food by another animal
to become extinct
empezar lección
to die out
defunct /dɪˈfʌŋkt/
empezar lección
not existing or working any more
to peel an apple
empezar lección
to remove the skin of a fruit
tame
empezar lección
(especially of animals) not wild or dangerous, either naturally or because of training or long involvement with humans
resource
empezar lección
a useful or valuable possession or quality of a country, organization, or person
source
empezar lección
the place something comes from or starts at, or the cause of something
issue
empezar lección
a subject that people discuss or argue about, especially relating to society, politics etc
well
empezar lección
a deep hole in the ground from which you can get water, oil, or gas
off-shore
empezar lección
away from or at a distance from the coast
breed
empezar lección
a particular type of animal or plant
race
empezar lección
one of the main groups to which people are often considered to belong, based on physical characteristics that they are perceived to share such as skin colour, eye shape, etc.
hoof
empezar lección
the hard part on the bottom of the feet of animals such as horses, sheep, and deer (kopyto)
stable
empezar lección
building in which horses are kept
saddle
empezar lección
a leather seat on a horse:
sting stung stung
empezar lección
v: if an insect or an animal stings you, it hurts you by sticking a sharp part of its body into your skin n: a small but painful injury caused when an insect or animal makes a small hole in the skin
hive
empezar lección
a container in which bees live and make honey
buzz
empezar lección
the sound that insects make while flying
cub
empezar lección
a young bear, lion, fox, wolf, or other wild animal
whine
empezar lección
if something whines, it makes a high loud sound
lead
empezar lección
to take someone somewhere, by going with them n: a piece of rope, chain, etc. tied to an animal, especially to a dog at its collar when taking it for a walk:
kennel
empezar lección
a small, usually wooden, shelter for a dog to sleep in outside
flock
empezar lección
a group of sheep, goats, or birds
tusks
empezar lección
one of the two very long pointed teeth on an animal such as an elephant
trunk
empezar lección
an elephant's long nose
ivory /ˈaɪvəri/
empezar lección
the yellowish-white bone that an elephant's tusks are made of
nocturnal
empezar lección
active at night
captivity
empezar lección
a situation in which wild animals are kept in a place such as a park or zoo instead of living in their natural environment
endangered species /ɪnˌdeɪndʒə(r)d ˈspiːʃiːz/
empezar lección
a type of animal or plant that may soon become extinct (=disappear from the world)
environmentalist
empezar lección
someone who wants to protect the environment
fierce /fɪə(r)s/
empezar lección
very angry, or ready to attack
mothering instincts
empezar lección
natural tendency to behave like a mother
abundant
empezar lección
existing or available in large quantities
maturity
empezar lección
the qualities and behaviour that you would expect of a sensible adult
handful
empezar lección
a very small number of people or things
epitomize /ɪˈpɪtəmaɪz/
empezar lección
to be the best possible example of a particular type of person or thing
diversity /daɪˈvɜː(r)səti/
empezar lección
the fact that very different people or things exist within a group or place
glacier
empezar lección
glacier
UK /ˈɡlæsiə(r)/
empezar lección
UK / ˈɡlæsiə (r) /
USA /ˈɡleɪ.si.ɚ/
empezar lección
a large mass of ice that moves slowly
vital (evidence) /ˈvaɪt(ə)l/
empezar lección
very important, necessary, or essential
lump /lʌmp/
empezar lección
1. a small hard part on or under your skin that is caused by illness or injury
2. someone lazy
empezar lección
2. someone lazy
wildebeest /ˈvɪldəˌbiːst/
empezar lección
an African wild animal that is a type of antelope with curved horns
falconer
empezar lección
A hawk trainer
blossom
empezar lección
a flower on a tree, or all the flowers on a tree
soil
empezar lección
the substance on the surface of the Earth in which plants grow
horizon
empezar lección
/həˈraɪz(ə)n/
litter
empezar lección
a group of baby cats, dogs, or other animals that are born at the same time
young
empezar lección
a group of young animals who belong to the same family
torrential
empezar lección
torrential rain falls fast in large amounts
pip
empezar lección
a small seed in a piece of fruit
stone
empezar lección
a large hard seed inside a piece of fruit
nut
empezar lección
a dry fruit that grows inside a hard shell on some types of tree and bush. Many kinds of nut can be eaten
climate change
empezar lección
changes in the world's weather, in particular the fact that it is believed to be getting warmer as a result of human activity increasing the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
carbon footprint
empezar lección
Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
merely
empezar lección
used to emphasize that something is not large, important, or effective when compared to something else
a worst
empezar lección
case scenario- the most unpleasant or serious thing that could happen in a situation
an ice cap
empezar lección
a thick layer of ice that permanently covers an area of land
a wildfire
empezar lección
a fire that is burning strongly and out of control on an area of grass or bushes in the countryside
a drought
empezar lección
a long period when there is little or no rain, /draʊt/
Literally
simply or just
empezar lección
using the real or original meaning of a word or phrase
used to emphasize what you are saying
out of this world
empezar lección
extremely good or impressive
a taskforce
empezar lección
a group of people who are brought together to do a particular job, or a large military group who have a military aim to achieve
to counteract
empezar lección
to reduce or remove the effect of something unwanted by producing an opposite effect
Eligible
empezar lección
having the necessary qualities or satisfying the necessary conditions; An eligible person is not married and is thought to be a suitable future marriage partner, especially because they are rich and attractive
knock-on effect
empezar lección
When an event or situation has a knock-on effect, it causes other events or situations, but not directly
a trillion
empezar lección
the number 1,000,000,000,000
to diffuse sth
empezar lección
to (cause something to) spread in many directions
to divert
empezar lección
to cause something or someone to change direction
to send sb aquiver
empezar lección
to get sb excited
to get credit for sth
empezar lección
to get the glory, praise, approval
to scatter
empezar lección
to (cause to) move far apart in different directions
sulphate (siarczan)
empezar lección
a chemical formed from sulphur, oxygen, and another element
high-latitude
empezar lección
the position north or south of the equator measured from 0° to 90° (wysoka szerokość geograficzna)
dense
empezar lección
having parts that are close together so that it is difficult to go or see through; thick
to offset sth
empezar lección
to balance one effect against an opposing effect, so that there is no great difference as a result
if one thing offsets another thing, it has the opposite effect and so creates a more balanced situation
empezar lección
if one thing offsets another thing, it has the opposite effect and so creates a more balanced situation
needless to say
empezar lección
as you would expect; added to, or used to introduce, a remark giving information that is expected and not surprising:
a watchdog
empezar lección
a person or organization responsible for making certain that companies obey particular standards and do not act illegally
a moratorium
empezar lección
a stopping of an activity for an agreed amount of time
to blast sth
empezar lección
to destroy or explode sth with explosives
to knock sth off course
empezar lección
If you are headed in a particular direction in a small boat and something forcibly pushes you off your course ("path"), such as a strong wind and big waves—you've been knocked off course
Credible
empezar lección
able to be believed or trusted
to come up
empezar lección
to spend less, do less, or use less of something
to cut back
empezar lección
to do less of something, or use something in smaller amounts, especially money; to spend less
Integrity
empezar lección
honesty; the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles that you refuse to change
a thermostat
empezar lección
a device that keeps a building, engine, etc. within a limited temperature range by automatically switching the supply of heat on and off
a convert
empezar lección
/ˈkɑːn.vɝːt/ someone who changes their beliefs, habits, or way of living
when pigs fly
empezar lección
something that will never happen, impossible, highly unlikely to happen
an advocate
empezar lección
/ˈæd.və.keɪt/ someone who publicly supports something
a back-up plan
empezar lección
another plan prepared in case the initial one fails
vast
empezar lección
huge
hubris
empezar lección
/ˈhjuː.brɪs/ a way of talking or behaving that is too proud
to rise to a challenge
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take on a difficult task
to discourage
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to make someone feel less confident, enthusiastic, and positive about something, or less willing to do something
real
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world-happening in the world or in someone's life rather than in a book, in the imagination, on the internet, etc.
tethered
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/ˈteð.ɚd/ tied to a post or fixed to the ground with a rope or chain
a hose
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a long plastic or rubber pipe, used to direct water onto fires, gardens, etc
altitude
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height above the sea level
to ice over
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becoming covered with a layer of ice

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