Pragmatics

Deictic expressions

language expressions whose meaning strictly depends on the context:

Personal deixis

Expressions whose meaning strictly depends on the personal context of conversation.

Spatial deixis

Expressions whose meaning strictly depends on the spatial context of conversation.

Temporal deixis

Expressions whose meaning strictly depends on the temporal context of conversation.

Presupposition

a set of assumptions or background knowledge that is necessarily connected to the utterance:

Implicature

a statement which is suggested (implied) but not stated exactly by the speaker. The hearer must infer its meaning by means of (contextual) knowledge they have at their disposal.

CONSTATIVES

Stating facts of the world

PERFORMATIVES

Performing a certain action in the world

EXPLICIT PERFORMATIVES (DIRECT SPEECH ACTS

Performing a certain action explicitly, directly

IMPLICIT PERFORMATIVES (INDIRECT SPEECH ACTS

Performing a certain action implicitly, indirectly

Locutionary act

the utterance of a sentence with a certain sense

Illocutionary act

the act of informing, ordering, warning etc. by virtue of a conventional force associated with it (the intention of the Speaker)

Perlocutionary act

the act of bringing about or achieving certain (extralinguistic) effect, such as convincing, persuading, deterring etc. (the effect of the utterance

Inferences

Inferences are conclusions that listeners draw based on the information provided and the context. Inferences go beyond the literal meaning of the words to understand what the speaker really means or intends.

Pragmatics

meaning of words, phrases and sentences