LECTURE 11

Conventional implicatures

these are hints or extra meanings tied to specific words in a sentence, like "but" or "even". They provide additional information beyond the literal words used

Presuppositions

these are assumptions or things we assume to be true before saying something. They often show up in sentences, assuming certain information is already known or accepted by the listener

Hedging

It's when you avoid disagreeing directly or you're not sure about your opinion. You use "I think" or "maybe" to express such statements less direct.

Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Express possibility - can, may

Modal Lexical verbs

suggest opinions - believe, suggest

adjectives, adverbs, nouns

soften statements - unlikely, assumptions

approximators

add imprecision - roughly

introductory phrases

express cautious opinions - we believe

"If" clauses

introduce conditions

Compound hedges

combine elements of hedging (it seems reasonable)

Pragmatics

study of language use in context. Pragmatic competence refers to the ability to use language effectively in social situations

Frames and scripts

In language, frames and scripts are like mental folders, that help us understand and interpret words based on the context. Frames organize information about a concept, while scripts help us anticipate the sequence of events in a situation.

Text linguistics

It is about stydying how we communicate through words, both spoken and written. It looks at how listeners or readers understand these words based on their knowledge and feelings. It focuses only on verbal expressions, excluding non-verbal cues

1,2,3,4 standards of textuality

1) Cohesion - the way elements in a text are connected or related to each other 2) Coherence - the overall sense of unity and clarity in a text, where ideas logically connect and form meaning.

5,6,7 standards of textuality

5) Acceptability - The extent to which the language and content of the text conform to the expectations of the audience or community. 6) Situationality - How well the text fits into the context or situation in which it is produced and received.