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término definición
adwokat rozwodowy
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divorce attorney
Rolą prawników jest aplikowanie języka do realnego świata.
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The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world. The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world. The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world.
The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world. The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world. The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world.
The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world. The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world. The role of lawyers is to apply language to the real world.
Rolą prawników jest aplikowanie języka prawniczego do sytuacji z życia wziętych (lub stosowanie języka prawnego do okoliczności faktycznych).
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The role of lawyers is to apply legal language to real-life situations. (or to apply the language of the law to factual circumstances.)
Rolą prawników jest pośredniczenie między językiem a rzeczywistością — interpretowanie i stosowanie konstrukcji językowych do świata faktów.
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The role of lawyers is to mediate between language and reality — to interpret and apply linguistic constructs to the world of facts.
Prawnicy przekładają abstrakcyjny język prawa na praktyczną dziedzinę spraw ludzkich.
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Lawyers translate the abstract language of law into the practical realm of human affairs.
Wszczęcie postępowania cywilnego / wniesienie pozwu do sądu cywilnego
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Starting a claim in the civil court, Starting a claim in the civil court, Starting a claim in the civil court
Starting a claim in the civil court, Starting a claim in the civil court, Starting a claim in the civil court
Starting a claim in the civil court, Starting a claim in the civil court, Starting a claim in the civil court
Powód wszczął postępowanie w sądzie z powodu naruszenia umowy.
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The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract. The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract. The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract.
The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract. The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract. The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract.
The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract. The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract. The claimant started a claim in the court for breach of contract.
złożenie pozwu
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Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim
Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim
Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim, Issuing a claim
Powód wniósł przeciwko pozwanemu skargę z tytułu zaniedbania.
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The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence. The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence. The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence.
The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence. The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence. The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence.
The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence. The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence. The claimant issued a claim against the defendant for negligence.
Złożenie wniosku wniesienie pozwu (w szerokim znaczeniu)
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Filing a claim
Wszczęcie postępowania
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Starting proceedings
powód (strona w postępowaniu cywilnym)
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claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff), claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff), claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff)
claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff), claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff), claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff)
claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff), claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff), claimant: the person who starts the claim. (plaintiff)
pozew
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claim form: the document that claimant uses to start legal action against the defendant
Złe wykonanie Tłumaczenie: nienależyte wykonanie pracy / fuszerka / wadliwe wykonanie umowy
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Bad workmanship
być w konflikcie – mieć poważną różnicę zdań z inną osobą
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to be on dispute - to have a serious disagreement with another person
to be on dispute - to have a serious disagreement with another person
strona w sprawie sądowej
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a party to a court case
być winnym komuś pieniądze
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to owe money to someone
koszty sądowe
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legal costs
koszty sądowe procesu
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legal costs of the trial
procedura – ustalony sposób robienia czegoś
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procedure - a decided way of doing something
ścigać, prowadzić postępowanie karne przeciwko komuś przed sądem
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to prosecute somebody - to take a legal action against someone in the criminal court
doręczyć pozew komuś / doręczyć odpis pozwu stronie przeciwnej
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to serve a claim upon someone means to sent the claim to the defendant's address and make sure that he received it
uznać roszczenie
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to admit the claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim
to admit the claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim
to admit the claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim, to admit a claim
pełne uznanie roszczenia
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full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim
full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim
full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim, full admission of the claim
częściowe uznanie roszczenia
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partial admission of the claim
rozpatrywać sprawę
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to hear a case
Sąd Najwyższy rozpatrzy sprawę w przyszłym miesiącu.
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The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month.
The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month.
The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month. The Supreme Court will hear the case next month.
sędzia rozpatrzył sprawę na posiedzeniu jawnym
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The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court.
The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court.
The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court. The judge heard the case in open court.
Jeśli zdecydujesz się kwestionować zadanie pozwu, musisz złożyć obronę.
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If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence. If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence. If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence.
If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence. If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence. If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence.
If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence. If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence. If you decide to defend the claim, you must file a defence.
bronić się przed roszczeniem (formalnie)
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to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim
to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim
to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim, to defend the claim
Orzec na korzyść powoda
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To find in favor of the claimant
orzec na korzyść pozwanego
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to find in favour of the defendant
to find in favour of the defendant
Sąd orzekł na korzyść powoda i przyznał odszkodowanie.
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The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages. The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages. The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages.
The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages. The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages. The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages.
The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages. The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages. The court found in favor of the claimant and awarded damages.
Sędzia orzekł na korzyść pozwanego z powodu braku dowodów.
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The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence. The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence. The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence.
The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence. The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence. The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence.
The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence. The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence. The judge found in favor of the defendant due to lack of evidence.
Język nie jest pewnym ani stałym narzędziem służącym do nazywania rzeczywistości — kształtuje on świat, aniżeli go go odzwierciedla.
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Language is not a certain or fixed tool for naming reality — it shapes rather than merely reflects the world.
Język nie jest precyzyjnym narzędziem opisu rzeczywistości prawnej — terminy prawnicze często zależą od interpretacji, kontekstu i uznania sędziego.
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Language is not a precise instrument for describing legal reality — legal terms often depend on interpretation, context, and judicial discretion.
Language is not a precise instrument for describing legal reality — legal terms often depend on interpretation, context, and judicial discretion.
Language is not a precise instrument for describing legal reality — legal terms often depend on interpretation, context, and judicial discretion.
Założenie idealne dotyczące języka polega na tym, że język powinien być doskonałym narzędziem opisu rzeczywistości – takim, w którym każde słowo ma jednoznaczne znaczenie, dokładnie określone odniesienie do rzeczy lub faktów,
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The ideal assumption about language is that it should serve as a perfect tool for naming and describing reality — one in which every word has a clear and unambiguous meaning, a precisely defined reference to things or facts.
Pełne przysposobienie
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Full adoption
odpierać roszczenie zwalczać roszczenie bronić się przed roszczeniem kwestionować roszczenie sprzeciwić się roszczeniu
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to defend a claim
rządy prawa, a nie ludzi (w sensie wykluczający wszelki dyskrecjonalizm)
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the rule of law not of men
„Nawet najbardziej idealna formuła ma swój cień nieokreśloności – HLA Hart
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„Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart, „Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart. „Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart
„Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart, „Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart. „Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart
„Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart, „Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart. „Even a perfectly clear rule has a penumbra of uncertainty.” – H.L.A. Hart
obowiązek należytej staranności
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the duty of care
Obowiązek zachowania starannosci
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The duty of care, The duty of care. the duty of care. the duty of care is a legal obligation requiring individuals or organizations to exercise a reasonable level of care to avoid causing harm to others.
The duty of care, The duty of care. the duty of care. the duty of care is a legal obligation requiring individuals or organizations to exercise a reasonable level of care to avoid causing harm to others.
The duty of care, The duty of care. the duty of care. the duty of care is a legal obligation requiring individuals or organizations to exercise a reasonable level of care to avoid causing harm to others.
naruszyć obowiązek należytej staranności
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To breach the duty of care
naruszyć obowiązek staranności
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To breach the duty of care means to fail to meet the required standard of reasonable care, resulting in potential harm or damage to another person. It is one of the key elements of negligence in tort law.
To breach the duty of care means to fail to meet the required standard of reasonable care, resulting in potential harm or damage to another person. It is one of the key elements of negligence in tort law.
To breach the duty of care means to fail to meet the required standard of reasonable care, resulting in potential harm or damage to another person. It is one of the key elements of negligence in tort law.
Sąd uznał, że architekt naruszył obowiązek zachowania ostrożności, używając niebezpiecznych materiałów.
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The court found that the architect had breached the duty of care by using unsafe materials.
Nauczyciel może naruszyć obowiązek opieki, jeżeli pozostawi uczniów bez nadzoru podczas zajęć.
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A teacher may breach the duty of care if they leave students unsupervised during class.
Czyn niedozwolony
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A tort is a civil wrong that causes harm or loss to another person, and for which the injured party may seek compensation through a civil lawsuit. It is not a criminal offence — it belongs to civil law, not criminal law.
naruszenie w prawie cywilnym
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civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong
civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong
civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong
czyn moralnie naganny
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moral wrong, moral wrong, moral wrong, moral wrong,
moral wrong, moral wrong, moral wrong, moral wrong
moral wrong, moral wrong, moral wrong, moral wrong
naruszenie prawa karnego
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criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong
criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong
criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong, criminal wrong
Prawo rozróżnia między naruszeniami cywilnymi a karnymi.
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The law distinguishes between civil wrongs and criminal wrongs.
czyn bezprawny
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wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong,
wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong
wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong, wrong,
zarzut, twierdzenie, że ktoś zrobił coś złego
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An allegation, an allegation is a statement or claim that someone has done something wrong or illegal, before it is proven.
An allegation, an allegation is a statement or claim that someone has done something wrong or illegal, before it is proven.
Formularz pozwu określa twierdzenia i zarzuty powoda przeciwko pozwanemu.
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The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant. The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant. The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant.
The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant. The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant. The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant.
The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant. The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant. The claim form will state the claimant’s allegations against the defendant.
Podstawą powództwa o czyn niedozwolony jest fakt, że pozwany dopuścił się czynu niedozwolonego.
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The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor. The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor. The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor
The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor. The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor. The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor
The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor. The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor. The grounds for action in tort are that the defendant committed a tor
wynagrodzenie od sukcesu
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no win fee
czyn niedozwolony, delikt zaniedbania
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The tort of negligence. the tort of negligence, the tort of negligence. The tort of negligence. the tort of negligence, the tort of negligence.
The tort of negligence. the tort of negligence, the tort of negligence. The tort of negligence. the tort of negligence, the tort of negligence.
The tort of negligence. the tort of negligence, the tort of negligence. The tort of negligence. the tort of negligence, the tort of negligence.
Sprawa karna
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A criminal matter is any case or issue involving a violation of criminal law, where the state prosecutes an individual (the defendant) for committing a crime or offence.
A criminal matter is any case or issue involving a violation of criminal law, where the state prosecutes an individual (the defendant) for committing a crime or offence.
A criminal matter is any case or issue involving a violation of criminal law, where the state prosecutes an individual (the defendant) for committing a crime or offence.
sprawa cywilna
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A civil matter, a civil matter. A civil matter is a non-criminal legal dispute between individuals, companies, or organizations, usually concerning rights, obligations, or compensation.
A civil matter, a civil matter. A civil matter is a non-criminal legal dispute between individuals, companies, or organizations, usually concerning rights, obligations, or compensation.
A civil matter, a civil matter. A civil matter is a non-criminal legal dispute between individuals, companies, or organizations, usually concerning rights, obligations, or compensation.
złożenie pozwu w sądzie cywilnym, wniesienie powództwa w sądzie cywilnym
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making a claim in the civil court making a claim in the civil court
Making a claim in the civil court means starting legal proceedings against another person or organization to seek compensation, enforcement of rights, or another civil remedy. It begins when the claimant files (issues) a claim form with the court.
prawo do występowania przed sądem
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Right of audience. The right of audience
Right of audience. The right of audience is the right to appear and speak on behalf of a party in court proceedings. It determines who is allowed to address the court, present arguments, and represent clients during hearings or trials.
prowadzić sprawę, występować w sprawie, przedstawiać argumenty przed sądem.
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To plead a case, to plead a case, to plead a case, to plead a case
To plead a case means to present and argue a party’s position before a court, usually by a lawyer or advocate. It involves explaining the facts, applying the law, and persuading the judge to rule in favour of your client.
To plead a case, to plead a case, to plead a case, to plead a case
reguły nakładania obowiązków
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duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules
duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules
duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules, duty imposing rules
reguły przyznające uprawnienia (trzy rodzaje)
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power-conferring rules: rule of recognition, rule of change, rule of adjudication
Zasada uznania
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A RULE OF RECOGNITION A rule of recognition is a fundamental rule that identifies the valid sources of law within a legal system. It provides criteria for legal validity, telling us what counts as law and how to recognize it.
reguła zmiany
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A rule of change is a rule that confers power on individuals or institutions to create, modify, or repeal laws. It allows the legal system to adapt and evolve by establishing procedures for legal change.
A rule of change is a rule that confers power on individuals or institutions to create, modify, or repeal laws. It allows the legal system to adapt and evolve by establishing procedures for legal change.
A rule of change is a rule that confers power on individuals or institutions to create, modify, or repeal laws. It allows the legal system to adapt and evolve by establishing procedures for legal change.
reguła rozsądzania
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A rule of adjudication is a rule that confers authority on certain persons or bodies (such as courts) to interpret and apply the law and to resolve disputes. It specifies how legal conflicts are to be settled and who has the power to decide them.
prowadzić sprawę, występować w sprawie, przedstawiać argumenty przed sądem.
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TO PLEAD A CASE, TO PLEAD A CASE, TO PLEAD A CASE
TO PLEAD A CASE, TO PLEAD A CASE, TO PLEAD A CASE
Adwokat prowadził sprawę przed sądem.
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The barrister pleaded the case before the Court. The barrister pleaded the case before the Court. The barrister pleaded the case before the Court.
The barrister pleaded the case before the Court. The barrister pleaded the case before the Court. The barrister pleaded the case before the Court.
Adwokaci są uprawnieni do występowania w sprawach przed sądami wyższej instancji.
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Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts. Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts. Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts.
Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts. Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts. Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts.
Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts. Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts. Barristers are qualified to plead cases in higher courts.
Język nie jest bezpośrednim przekazem woli prawodawcy, niewymagającym interpretacji. Jest medium ukształtowanym przez kulturę, historię i ograniczenia ludzkiego rozumienia.
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Language is not a direct transmission of the legislator’s will that requires no interpretation. It is a medium shaped by culture, history, and the limits of human understanding.
Język prawniczy zawsze wiąże się pośredniczeniem między tekstem a jego znaczeniem – między tym, co zamierzył prawodawca, a tym, co interpretatorzy mogą racjonalnie wywnioskować. Zatem
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Legal language always involves mediation between the text and its meaning — between what the legislator intended and what interpreters can reasonably derive.
prawo nie jest mechanicznym odzwierciedleniem woli ustawodawcy, lecz dynamicznym procesem interpretacji w obrębie wspólnoty językowej.
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law is not a mechanical reflection of legislative will but a dynamic process of interpretation within a linguistic community.
law is not a mechanical reflection of legislative will but a dynamic process of interpretation within a linguistic community.
law is not a mechanical reflection of legislative will but a dynamic process of interpretation within a linguistic community.
Postępowanie cywilne musi zostać wszczęte w terminie przedawnienia.
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The civil proceedings must be commenced within the limitation period. The civil proceedings must be commenced within the limitation period. The civil proceedings must be commenced within the limitation period.
The civil proceedings must be commenced within the limitation period. The civil proceedings must be commenced within the limitation period. The civil proceedings must be commenced within the limitation period.
Jeżeli w terminie nie wszczęto postępowania, roszczenie ulega przedawnieniu.
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If the proceedings are not commenced within the limitation period, the claim becomes time-barred. If the proceedings are not commenced within the limitation period, the claim becomes time-barred. TIME-BARRED, TIME- BARRED, TIME-BARRED
If the proceedings are not commenced within the limitation period, the claim becomes time-barred. If the proceedings are not commenced within the limitation period, the claim becomes time-barred. TIME-BARRED, TIME- BARRED, TIME-BARRED
Prawdziwa wolność objawia się w zdolności do racjonalnego myślenia. PLATON
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True freedom reveals itself in the capacity for rational thought.
Prawo to nakaz suwerena poparty sankcjami.
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Law is the command of the sovereign backed by sanctions. (Hart, the province of jurisprudence)
Przepowiednie tego, co faktycznie zrobią sądy, i nic bardziej wzniosłego, oto, co rozumiem przez prawo
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„The prophecies of what the courts will do in fact, and nothing more exalted, are what I mean by the law.” Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. The Path of law
pułapka teorii / słabość teorii
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pitfall of the theory
w pełni rozwinięty system prawny lub dojrzały system prawa
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Full-blown legal system
Wzniosłe pojęcia normatywne / wzniosłe idee normatywne.
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Lofty normative notions
Niejasny scenariusz uwidacznia otwartą strukturę języka prawnego.
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A vague scenario highlights the open texture of legal language.
trwałość sankcji utrzymywanie się sankcji
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persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions,
persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions,
persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions, persistence of sanctions,
Skuteczność nowej polityki jest nadal przedmiotem dyskusji.
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The efficacy of the new policy is still under debate.
Skuteczność
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Efficacy
Kwestionowali skuteczność systemu kar. Poddali w wątpliwość skuteczność systemu karnego.
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They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system. They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system. They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system.
They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system. They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system. They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system.
They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system. They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system. They questioned the efficacy of the punishment system.
Doktryna supremacji wewnętrznej głosi, że w krajowym porządku prawnym przeważa prawo krajowe.
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The doctrine of internal supremacy asserts that domestic law prevails within the national legal order.
Wewnętrzna nadrzędność przeciwstawia się zewnętrznej nadrzędności, w której prawo międzynarodowe ma pierwszeństwo nad krajowym.
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Internal supremacy contrasts with external supremacy, where international or supranational law overrides national law.
zwyczajowo przestrzegany
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Habitually obeyed
Reguła jest zwyczajowo przestrzegana, gdy ludzie się do niej stosują z przyzwyczajenia, a nie dlatego, że uznają ją za obowiązującą normę.
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A rule is habitually obeyed when people generally conform to it because they are accustomed to doing so, not because they accept it as a binding standard.
A rule is habitually obeyed when people generally conform to it because they are accustomed to doing so, not because they accept it as a binding standard.
A rule is habitually obeyed when people generally conform to it because they are accustomed to doing so, not because they accept it as a binding standard.
różnorodność prawa
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variety of law
Różne odmiany prawa odzwierciedlają różne tradycje prawne i źródła władzy
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Different varieties of law reflect different legal traditions and sources of authority.
„różnorodność prawa” w jurysprudencji
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The phrase “variety of law” in jurisprudence refers to the idea that law is not a uniform phenomenon. There are different forms, sources, and functions of law, depending on the perspective we take.
variety of rules (H. Hart)
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duty-imposing rules (which require or forbid actions), and power-conferring rules (which enable people to create or modify legal relations). For Hart, the variety of law reflects the internal diversity of legal rules that together constitute a system.
duty-imposing rules (which require or forbid actions), and power-conferring rules (which enable people to create or modify legal relations). For Hart, the variety of law reflects the internal diversity of legal rules that together constitute a system.
duty-imposing rules (which require or forbid actions), and power-conferring rules (which enable people to create or modify legal relations). For Hart, the variety of law reflects the internal diversity of legal rules that together constitute a system.
variety of rules H. L. A. Hart
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duty-imposing rules (which require or forbid actions), and power-conferring rules (which enable people to create or modify legal relations). For Hart, the variety of law reflects the internal diversity of legal rules that together constitute a system.
variety of rules (Dworkin)
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Ronald Dworkin argued that law is not made only of rules but also of principles and policies. In his view, the variety of law means that legal reasoning involves different kinds of standards — some binding as rules, others guiding as moral principles.
variety of law (Lon. L Fuller)
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Lon L. Fuller spoke about the internal morality of law, suggesting that law can vary in its moral quality. Thus, the variety of law may refer to degrees of legality — from just and moral law to law that is formally valid but morally defective.
Teoria prawa oparta na sankcjach
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The sanction-based theory of law (sometimes called the imperative or command theory) is a positivist conception of law that defines law primarily in terms of commands backed by sanctions.
Prawo jest rozkazem wydanym przez władcę jego poddanym, egzekwowanym za pomocą sankcji w przypadku nieposłuszeństwa.
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Law is a command issued by a sovereign to its subjects, and enforced by sanctions in case of disobedience. Law is a command issued by a sovereign to its subjects, and enforced by sanctions in case of disobedience.
Law is a command issued by a sovereign to its subjects, and enforced by sanctions in case of disobedience. Law is a command issued by a sovereign to its subjects, and enforced by sanctions in case of disobedience.
Law is a command issued by a sovereign to its subjects, and enforced by sanctions in case of disobedience. Law is a command issued by a sovereign to its subjects, and enforced by sanctions in case of disobedience.
rozkazy/ nakazy egzekwowane za pomocą przymusu
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The term coercive orders refers to commands or directives that are enforced through the threat or use of sanctions. In other words, they are orders backed by coercion — by some form of punishment or negative consequence if disobeyed
model przestępcy grożącego pistoletem / model prawa przymusowego (Austin)
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gunmen model of law / coersive model of law (Austin), gunmen model of law / coersive model of law (Austin)
wzorzec zachowania / schemat zachowania
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PATTERN OF BEHAVIOR. Pattern of behavior a recurring conduct that can indicate intent, negligence, or a tendency relevant to the case
Sąd uznał wzorzec zachowania pozwanego za dowód zamiaru.
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The court considered the defendant’s pattern of behavior as evidence of intent.
Teza o żywotności Hart
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The viability thesis states that: A system of rules counts as a legal system only if it is socially viable — that is, if it is actually effective and generally accepted by officials and citizens within a society.
The viability thesis states that: A system of rules counts as a legal system only if it is socially viable — that is, if it is actually effective and generally accepted by officials and citizens within a society.
The viability thesis states that: A system of rules counts as a legal system only if it is socially viable — that is, if it is actually effective and generally accepted by officials and citizens within a society.
ograniczona racjonalność
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bounded rationality
otwarty tekst jezykowy
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No matter how precisely the legislator drafts a rule, unforeseen or borderline cases will inevitably emerge. In such circumstances, the adjudicator must exercise discretion and interpretive judgment, rather than merely deducing the outcome
In such circumstances, the adjudicator must exercise discretion and interpretive judgment, rather than merely deducing the outcome from the literal wording of the law.
In such circumstances, the adjudicator must exercise discretion and interpretive judgment, rather than merely deducing the outcome from the literal wording of the law.
Przepisy prawne formułowane są w języku naturalnym, który z natury jest ogólny, nieokreślony i podatny na semantyczną niejednoznaczność.
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Legal rules are formulated in natural language, which is inherently general, indeterminate, and subject to semantic ambiguity.
w przypadku penumbria, zadaniem sędziego jest ustalenie, poprzez interpretację i według własnego uznania, właściwego znaczenia terminów i zakresu faktów, do których się one odnoszą.
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in case of the penumbra of a rule, it falls to the judge to determine, through interpretation and discretion, the proper meaning of the terms and the range of facts to which they extend.
in case of the penumbra of a rule, it falls to the judge to determine, through interpretation and discretion, the proper meaning of the terms and the range of facts to which they extend.
in case of the penumbra of a rule, it falls to the judge to determine, through interpretation and discretion, the proper meaning of the terms and the range of facts to which they extend.
związek treściowy między prawem a moralnością oznacza, że prawo i moralność mogą zawierać normy o tej samej treści — mogą nakazywać, zabraniać lub zezwalać na te same typy zachowań.
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The content-related connection between law and morality means that law and morality may contain norms with the same content — they may prescribe, prohibit, or permit the same types of conduct.
Funkcjonalny związek prawa i moralności oznacza, że moralność jest jednym z powodów lub motywów tworzenia prawa.
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The functional connection between law and morality means that morality is one of the reasons or motives for the creation of law.
The functional connection between law and morality means that morality is one of the reasons or motives for the creation of law.
The functional connection between law and morality means that morality is one of the reasons or motives for the creation of law.
Związek walidacyjny między prawem a moralnością oznacza, że ważność prawa nie zależy od jego zgodności z moralnością. Innymi słowy: prawa nie można unieważnić tylko dlatego, że jest niemoralne.
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The validational connection between law and morality means that the validity of law does not depend on its conformity with morality. In other words: law cannot be invalidated merely because it is immoral.
In this view, the validity of a legal norm derives from its formal source — the authority of the lawmaker and proper legislative procedure — rather than from its moral content.
Nie wszystko, co jest wymagane przez prawo, musi mieć oparcie w moralności.
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Not everything that is necessary in law must be grounded in morality. Not everything that is necessary in law must be grounded in morality. Not everything that is necessary in law must be grounded in morality.
For the law to function effectively, it requires certain rules (for example, concerning form, time limits, jurisdiction, or procedural mode) that do not stem from moral values but from the need for order, efficiency, and predictability.
For the law to function effectively, it requires certain rules (for example, concerning form, time limits, jurisdiction, or procedural mode) that do not stem from moral values but from the need for order, efficiency, and predictability.
Sędzia odmówił podjęcia decyzji na podstawie tak niejasnego scenariusza.
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The judge refused to decide based on such a vague scenario.
Niejasny scenariusz podkreśla otwartą strukturę języka prawniczego.
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A vague scenario highlights the open texture of legal language.
cechą wyróżniającą, najbardziej istotna
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salient feature
władza normatywna do stanowienia prawa
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normative power to make law
Trwałość prawa.
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Persistence of law refers to the continued existence and validity of legal norms over time — even when circumstances change, governments fall, or lawmakers are replaced.
informacja o preferencjach aksjologicznych
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Information on Axiological Preferences: a statement or disclosure indicating which values (axiological principles) a person, institution, legal body, or theory regards as fundamental when reasoning, making decisions, or interpreting the law.
In legal theory and philosophy of law, it denotes the value system underlying a given concept, interpretation, or decision — such as justice, legal certainty, liberty, equality, the common good, efficiency, or protection of the weaker party.
In legal theory and philosophy of law, it denotes the value system underlying a given concept, interpretation, or decision — such as justice, legal certainty, liberty, equality, the common good, efficiency, or protection of the weaker party.
przygotować umowę
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to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract
to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract
to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract, to draft a contract
dotrzymać umowy
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to honour the contract
naruszyć, złamać umowę
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to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract
to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract
to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract, to breach a contract
czek na pewną sumę pieniędzy
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a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money, a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money, a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money,
a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money, a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money, a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money,
a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money, a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money, a cheque for a sum of money, a cheque for an amount money,
pracować nad czymś
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to work on sth.
I am currently working on a merger agreement
I am currently working on a merger agreement
prawnicy mogą reprezentować klientów w sądzie
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solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court.
solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court.
solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court. solicitors are allowed to represent clients in the court.
to jest sprawa karna
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this is a criminal matter
podstawy (roszczenia)
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GROUNDS, GROUNDS
Grounds: the foundation or basis for a legal claim or defence.
Podstawa faktyczna – co faktycznie się wydarzyło (fakt, który podajesz)
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Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege).
Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege).
Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege). Factual ground – what actually happened (the facts you allege).
jakie są podstawy Twojej sprawy?
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what are the grounds for your case?
Obrona twierdzi, że roszczenia nie mają podstaw prawnych, ponieważ umowa została rozwiązana zgodnie z prawem.
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The defence argues that there are no legal grounds for the claim because the contract was terminated lawfully.
The defence argues that there are no legal grounds for the claim because the contract was terminated lawfully.
otworzyć nowy zakład
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to open a new plant
w wysokości, odszkodowania (idiomatyczne).
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in damages
Sąd przyznał powodowi 10 000 euro odszkodowania za zerwanie umowy.
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The court awarded the claimant 10,000 euros in damages for breach of contract.
The court awarded the claimant 10,000 euros in damages for breach of contract.
wszczęcie postępowania przeciwko komuś
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starting proceedings against someone
organ wybrany demokratycznie
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democratically elected body
Królewska zgoda.
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the royal assent Royal Assent – the formal approval given by the monarch to a bill passed by both Houses of Parliament, which is required for the bill to become law.
the royal assent Royal Assent – the formal approval given by the monarch to a bill passed by both Houses of Parliament, which is required for the bill to become law.
źródło prawa
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a source of law
przygotować projekt ustawy
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to draft a bill
spisać umowę
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to draw up a contract
Sporządzić projekt ustawy
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To draw up a bill, To draw up a bill, To draw up a bill
wydać wyrok
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to hand down a judgement
przedstawić pomysł do rozważenia
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to put an idea forward for consideration
strona trzecia umowy
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a third party to a contract
Egzekwować warunek / Egzekwować postanowienie umowy
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To enforce a term, to enforce a term, to enforce a term
To enforce a term: to make sure that a contractual provision or condition is complied with or carried out; to take legal action to ensure it is obeyed.
To enforce a term: to make sure that a contractual provision or condition is complied with or carried out; to take legal action to ensure it is obeyed.
kara śmierci
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capital punishment, capital punishment, capital punishment
capital punishment, capital punishment, capital punishment
capital punishment, capital punishment, capital punishment
podpalenie
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an arson
kradzież
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a theft
Spółka postanowiła wyegzekwować postanowienie o zachowaniu poufności.
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The company decided to enforce the confidentiality term of the contract.
The company decided to enforce the confidentiality term of the contract.
Jeżeli najemca nie płaci czynszu, wynajmujący może wyegzekwować płatność na drodze sądowej.
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If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court.
If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court.
If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court. If the tenant fails to pay rent, the landlord may enforce the payment term in court.
Wyraźnie przyznać komuś prawo lub korzyść
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To expressly confer a right or benefit upon someone, To expressly confer a right or benefit upon someone,
To expressly confer a right or benefit upon someone means to grant or give a specific legal right or advantage to a person in clear and explicit terms.
Żadna korzyść nie jest wyraźnie przyznana osobom trzecim na mocy niniejszej umowy.
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No benefit is expressly conferred upon third parties under this agreement.
Interpretacja umowy
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The construction of the contract. the construction of the contract.
The construction of the contract. the construction of the contract. the construction of the contract. the process of interpreting the meaning of the words used in a contract in order to determine the parties’ rights and obligations.
Wykładnia umowy jest kwestią prawną, którą rozstrzyga sąd.
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The construction of the contract is a question of law for the court to decide.
Pojawił się spór co do prawidłowej wykładni klauzuli rozwiązującej.
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There was a dispute over the proper construction of the termination clause.
There was a dispute over the proper construction of the termination clause.
Warunek egzekwowalny: postanowienie umowy, które jest prawnie wiążące i może zostać utrzymane w mocy lub wyegzekwowane przez sąd w przypadku jego naruszenia.
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An enforceable term: a contractual provision that is legally binding and can be upheld or enforced by a court if breached.
An enforceable term: a contractual provision that is legally binding and can be upheld or enforced by a court if breached.
An enforceable term: a contractual provision that is legally binding and can be upheld or enforced by a court if breached.
Tylko wykonalne (skuteczne) postanowienie tworzy zobowiązanie prawne.
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Only an enforceable term gives rise to a legal obligation.
Sąd uznał, że klauzula umowna nie stanowi wykonalnego postanowienia umowy.
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The court held that the penalty clause was not an enforceable term of the contract.
The court held that the penalty clause was not an enforceable term of the contract.
Aby postanowienie było wykonalne, musi być jasne, pewne i zgodne z prawem.
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For a term to be enforceable, it must be clear, certain, and lawful.
For a term to be enforceable, it must be clear, certain, and lawful.
Umowa, której wykonanie można egzekwować.
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An enforceable contract, An enforceable contract, An enforceable contract: a legally valid agreement that creates binding obligations and can be upheld in court if one party fails to perform.
An enforceable contract, An enforceable contract, An enforceable contract: a legally valid agreement that creates binding obligations and can be upheld in court if one party fails to perform.
An enforceable contract, An enforceable contract, An enforceable contract: a legally valid agreement that creates binding obligations and can be upheld in court if one party fails to perform.
Należeć do określonej kategorii
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To be a member of a class
środek prawny przysługujący w razie naruszenia umowy
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A remedy for breach of a contract, a remedy for a breach of a contract
A remedy for breach of a contract = a legal means by which a party who has suffered from another party’s failure to perform a contractual obligation can obtain redress or compensation.
Nakaz sądowy: postanowienie sądowe nakazujące osobie wykonanie określonej czynności lub powstrzymanie się od jej wykonania.
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An injunction: a court order requiring a person to do, or to refrain from doing, a specific act. PROHIBITORY INJUNCTION. mandatory injunction, interim (temporary injunction) permanent injunction
Wykonanie zobowiązania środek słusznościowy, w którym sąd nakazuje stronie wykonanie jej zobowiązań umownych, zamiast po prostu zapłacić odszkodowanie za ich naruszenie.
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Specific performance an equitable remedy by which a court orders a party to perform their contractual obligations, rather than merely paying damages for breach.
Specific performance an equitable remedy by which a court orders a party to perform their contractual obligations, rather than merely paying damages for breach.
Nieważny w każdym przypadku
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VOID IN ANY CASE, VOID IN ANY CASE VOID IN ANY CASE having no legal effect whatsoever, regardless of the circumstances; legally null and incapable of producing any binding obligations.
VOID IN ANY CASE, VOID IN ANY CASE VOID IN ANY CASE having no legal effect whatsoever, regardless of the circumstances; legally null and incapable of producing any binding obligations.
Umowa zawarta w celu niezgodnym z prawem jest w każdym przypadku nieważna.
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A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case.
A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case.
A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case. A contract made for an illegal purpose is void in any case.
Jakakolwiek klauzula wyłączająca odpowiedzialność za oszustwo jest w każdym przypadku nieważna.
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Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case. Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case. Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case.
Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case. Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case. Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case.
Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case. Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case. Any clause excluding liability for fraud is void in any case.
twierdzić, rościć sobie prawo, utrzymywać, podawać się za
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to purport
znaczenie, sens, ogólny ton
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purport
rzekomo
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purportly
Powstające w trakcie – bardzo często stosowane w znaczeniu prawniczym: > w trakcie / w toku / podczas wykonywania określonych czynności lub działalności.
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Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of
Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of
Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of, Arising in the course of
Spór powstały w trakcie wykonywania niniejszej umowy zostanie skierowany do arbitrażu.
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A dispute arising in the course of the performance of this agreement shall be referred to arbitration.
zamieszanie
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confusion
oszustwo
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fraud, fraud, fraud. Fraud is an intentional misrepresentation of a material fact made to obtain an unlawful benefit or to cause another person to suffer a loss.
fraud, fraud, fraud. Fraud is an intentional misrepresentation of a material fact made to obtain an unlawful benefit or to cause another person to suffer a loss.
fraud, fraud, fraud Fraud is an intentional misrepresentation of a material fact made to obtain an unlawful benefit or to cause another person to suffer a loss.
bez świadczenia wzajemnego nie ma umowy
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no consideration no contract
pogarda
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disdain
zamiar stworzenia stosunku prawnego
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intention to create a legal relationship
intention to create a legal relationship
zrobić coś za czyjąś radą
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to do something on someone's advice
to do something on someone's advice
Wystąpić do sądu z roszczeniem, żądając wykonania obietnicy wynikającej z umowy.
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To sue on a promise
To sue on a promise, To sue on a promise
Sam obowiązek moralny nie wystarczy, aby pozwać o obietnicę.
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A moral obligation alone is not sufficient to sue on a promise. A moral obligation alone is not sufficient to sue on a promise. A moral obligation alone is not sufficient to sue on a promise.
A moral obligation alone is not sufficient to sue on a promise. A moral obligation alone is not sufficient to sue on a promise. A moral obligation alone is not sufficient to sue on a promise.
wydać wyrok na rzecz powoda, wydać wyrok przeciwko powodowi
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to give a judgment for the claimant to give a judgment against the claimant
być prawnie zobowiązanym
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to be under legal obligation, To be under a legal obligation
Rodzice mają prawny obowiązek wspierania swoich dzieci.
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Parents are under a legal obligation to support their children.
Parents are under a legal obligation to support their children.
Parents are under a legal obligation to support their children.
masz prawny obowiązek wypełniania swoich zobowiązań
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you are under legal obligation to carry out your obligations
you are under legal obligation to carry out your obligations
Zakres zobowiązania
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THE EXTENT OF AN OBLIGATION The extent of an obligation = the scope, limits, or degree to which a person or entity is legally bound to perform or refrain from an act.
THE EXTENT OF AN OBLIGATION The extent of an obligation = the scope, limits, or degree to which a person or entity is legally bound to perform or refrain from an act.
THE EXTENT OF AN OBLIGATION The extent of an obligation = the scope, limits, or degree to which a person or entity is legally bound to perform or refrain from an act.
ograniczyć zakres zobowiązania
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to limit the extent of an obligation
ustalić zakres odpowiedzialności
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to determine the extent of liability
to determine the extent of liability
to determine the extent of liability
przyznać komuś prawo do zrobienia czegoś
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give someone the right to do something
poza zakresem obowiązków
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beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation
beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation
beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation, beyond the extent of one’s obligation
w zakresie zobowiązania, w granicach obowiązku
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within the extent of the obligation
Nieostrość lub niejednoznaczność znaczeniowa
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Vagueness Vagueness Vagueness
Vagueness Vagueness Vagueness: the quality of being unclear or imprecise in meaning; the lack of clear boundaries or exact definition of a term or rule.
Wieloznaczność polega na wyborze między znaczeniami; nieostrość – na ustaleniu, jak daleko sięga jedno znaczenie.
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Ambiguity is a matter of choosing between meanings; vagueness is a matter of deciding how far a single meaning extends.
Ambiguity is a matter of choosing between meanings; vagueness is a matter of deciding how far a single meaning extends.
Podstawa prawna
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legal ground, legal ground, legal ground. Legal ground: which laws, rules, or principles give you the right to claim or defend.
legal ground, legal ground, legal ground. Legal ground: which laws, rules, or principles give you the right to claim or defend.
legal ground, legal ground, legal ground. Legal ground: which laws, rules, or principles give you the right to claim or defend.
wykładnia derywacyjna
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The derivational interpretation
derivational interpretation
the derivational interpretation
odwołanie darowizny
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revocation of a donation, revocation of a donation, revocation of a donation
cofnięcie przywileju
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revocation of a privilege
odwołanie pełnomocnictwa
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revocation of a power attorney
revocation of a power attorney
bezpodstawne wzbogacenie
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unjust enrichment
Mocodawca może w każdej chwili odwołać pełnomocnictwo udzielone pełnomocnikowi.
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The principal may revoke the attorney's authority at any time.
Odwołanie testamentu
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Revocation of a will
Testament może zostać odwołany przez testatora w każdej chwili przed śmiercią.
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A will may be revoked by the testator at any time before death.
A will may be revoked by the testator at any time before death
Oferta została odwołana przed jej przyjęciem
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The offer was revoked before it was accepted. The offer was revoked before it was accepted. The offer was revoked before it was accepted.
The offer was revoked before it was accepted. The offer was revoked before it was accepted. The offer was revoked before it was accepted.
Odrzucenie
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Rejection means the refusal to accept, approve, or recognize something that has been submitted or proposed under the law.
Rejection means the refusal to accept, approve, or recognize something that has been submitted or proposed under the law.
„Odrzucenie oferty powoduje jej natychmiastowe wygaśnięcie.”
empezar lección
“Rejection of an offer terminates the offer immediately.”
Sąd postanowił odrzucić apelację jako niedopuszczalną.
empezar lección
The court ordered the rejection of the appeal as inadmissible.
The court ordered the rejection of the appeal as inadmissible.
Upływ czasu
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Lapse of time lapse of time lapse of time means the expiration of a specified period, after which a right, claim, offer, or legal power ceases to have effect.
Lapse of time means the expiration of a specified period, after which a right, claim, offer, or legal power ceases to have effect.
upływ czasu uniemozliwia dochodzenie roszczenia
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Lapse of time bars an action, Lapse of time bars an action, Lapse of time bars an action
Lapse of time bars an action, Lapse of time bars an action, Lapse of time bars an action
wygaśnięcie zapisu testamentowego (np. gdy zapisobiorca umrze przed spadkodawcą).
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Lapse of legacy: the expiration of a testamentary legacy (e.g., when the legatee dies before the testator).
Lapse of legacy: the expiration of a testamentary legacy (e.g., when the legatee dies before the testator).
w zamian za prawa, w związku z prawami, biorąc pod uwagę prawa
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In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights. In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights
In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights. In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights
In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights. In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights, In consideration of the rights
W zamian za prawa udzielone na mocy niniejszej umowy, Licencjobiorca zobowiązuje się do zapłaty opłaty licencyjnej.
empezar lección
In consideration of the rights granted under this Agreement, the Licensee agrees to pay the Licensor the licence fee. In consideration of the rights granted under this Agreement, the Licensee agrees to pay the Licensor the licence fee.
In consideration of the rights granted under this Agreement, the Licensee agrees to pay the Licensor the licence fee. In consideration of the rights granted under this Agreement, the Licensee agrees to pay the Licensor the licence fee.
„Każdy powinien korzystać ze swoich wolności, mając na uwadze prawa i wolności innych osób.
empezar lección
“Everyone shall exercise their freedoms in consideration of the rights and freedoms of others.”
“Everyone shall exercise their freedoms in consideration of the rights and freedoms of others.”
powstrzymywanie się
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Forbearance. Forbearance FORBEARANCE is the act of refraining from exercising a legal right, especially the enforcement of a debt or claim.
Forbearance. Forbearance FORBEARANCE is the act of refraining from exercising a legal right, especially the enforcement of a debt or claim.
Wierzyciel zgodził się na sześciomiesięczny okres powstrzymania się od egzekucji długu.
empezar lección
The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months. The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months. The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months.
The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months. The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months. The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months.
The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months. The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months. The creditor agreed to a forbearance period of six months.
uszczerbek, szkoda
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Detriment is a loss, harm, or disadvantage suffered by a person as a result of an act, omission, or obligation. Detriment is a harm, or disadvantage suffered by a person as a result of an act, omission, or obligation.
Detriment is a loss, harm, or disadvantage suffered by a person as a result of an act, omission, or obligation. Detriment is a harm, or disadvantage suffered by a person as a result of an act, omission, or obligation.
Detriment is a loss, harm, or disadvantage suffered by a person as a result of an act, omission, or obligation. Detriment is a harm, or disadvantage suffered by a person as a result of an act, omission, or obligation.
Powód poniósł finansowy uszczerbek w wyniku działania pozwanego.
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The claimant suffered a financial detriment as a result of the defendant's conduct.
The claimant suffered a financial detriment as a result of the defendant's conduct.
wzajemne zobowiązania wzajemne obietnice wzajemne wzajemne prawa i obowiązki
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Reciprocal obligations Reciprocal promises Reciprocal rights and duties
Reciprocal obligations Reciprocal promises Reciprocal rights and duties
Każda ze stron podejmuje się wzajemnych zobowiązań wynikających z umowy.
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Each party undertakes reciprocal obligations under the agreement. Each party undertakes reciprocal obligations under the agreement.
Each party undertakes reciprocal obligations under the agreement. Each party undertakes reciprocal obligations under the agreement.
Each party undertakes reciprocal obligations under the agreement. Each party undertakes reciprocal obligations under the agreement.
umowa wzajemna
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reciprocal contract,
złożyć kontrofertę
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to make a counter offer
to make a counter offer, to make a counter offer, to make a counter offer
zrobić coś w określonym czasie w przyszłości
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to do something by particular time in the future
Wykonawca zobowiązuje się dostarczyć towar do uzgodnionej daty.
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The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date.
The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date.
The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date. The contractor shall deliver the goods by the agreed date.
naprawić problem
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TO RECTIFY A PROBLEM TO RECTIFY A PROBLEM
Sąd może nakazać pozwanemu usunięcie stanu niezgodnego z prawem.
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The court may order the defendant to rectify the unlawful situation. The court may order the defendant to rectify the unlawful situation.
The court may order the defendant to rectify the unlawful situation. The court may order the defendant to rectify the unlawful situation.
umowa ustna
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oral contract
otrzymać odszkodowanie w wysokości określonej kwoty pieniędzy
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to be awarded an amount of money in damage, to be awarded an amount of money in damage, to be awarded an amount of money in damage
to be awarded an amount of money in damage, to be awarded an amount of money in damage, to be awarded an amount of money in damage
to be awarded an amount of money in damage, to be awarded an amount of money in damage, to be awarded an amount of money in damage
pozwać kogoś z powodu czegoś
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to sue someone on the grounds of something, to sue someone on the grounds of something, to sue someone on the grounds of something
to sue someone on the grounds of something, to sue someone on the grounds of something, to sue someone on the grounds of something, to sue someone on the grounds of something
pozwaliśmy go z powodu naruszenia umowy
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we sued him on a ground of breach of contract
we sued him on a ground of breach of contract
przestrzegać prawa
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to comply with the law
dostosować się do ustawy, działać zgodnie z ustawą
empezar lección
to comply with the statue
Niezastosowanie się do ustawy może skutkować odpowiedzialnością karną.
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Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability. Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability. Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability.
Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability. Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability. Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability.
Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability. Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability. Failure to comply with the statute may result in criminal liability.
być na bieżąco z prawem”, „śledzić zmiany w prawie”, „aktualizować swoją wiedzę prawną”.
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To keep up to date with the law
zajmować się prawem pracy
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to work in employment law
zgodnie z obowiązującym ustawodawstwem
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under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation
under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation
under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation, under current legislation
przechowywać informacje na komputerze
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to hold information on a computer
to hold information on a computer
dzień rozpoczęcia, moment początkowy
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the starting day, the starting day, the starting day
the starting day, the starting day, the starting day
Termin przedawnienia biegnie od dnia, w którym powód dowiedział się o szkodzie.
empezar lección
The limitation period runs from the date on which the claimant became aware of the damage.
The limitation period runs from the date on which the claimant became aware of the damage.
Uprawnienia do zasiłku chorobowego
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Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement
Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement
Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement, Sick payment entitlement
Pracownikom przysługuje ustawowe prawo do wynagrodzenia chorobowego po czterech kolejnych dniach niezdolności do pracy.
empezar lección
Employees have a statutory sick pay entitlement after four consecutive days of sickness.
adres do doręczeń (zawiadomień, oświadczeń, wezwań)
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ADDRESS FOR SERVICE, ADDRESS FOR SERVICE, Address for notices to be served
ADDRESS FOR SERVICE, ADDRESS FOR SERVICE, Address for notices to be served
wykonalny
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feasible
Każda ze stron wskazuje adres do doręczeń, a każde zawiadomienie doręczone na ten adres uznaje się za skutecznie doręczone.
empezar lección
an address for notices to be served. an address for notices to be served. an address for notices to be served. Each party shall provide an address for notices to be served, and any notice delivered to that address shall be deemed duly served.
an address for notices to be served. an address for notices to be served. an address for notices to be served. Each party shall provide an address for notices to be served, and any notice delivered to that address shall be deemed duly served.
an address for notices to be served. an address for notices to be served. an address for notices to be served. Each party shall provide an address for notices to be served, and any notice delivered to that address shall be deemed duly served.
być winnym poważnego wykroczenia
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to be guilty of serious misconduct
być winnym poważnego zaniedbania, dopuścić się poważnego zaniedbania
empezar lección
to be guilty of serious neglect
to be guilty of serious neglect
niekorzystnie wpływać, oddziaływać negatywnie
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adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect
adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect
adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect, adversely affect
Opóźnienie w płatności negatywnie wpłynęło na płynność finansową wykonawcy.
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The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow. The delay in payment adversely affected contractor's cash flow. The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow.
The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow. The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow. The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow.
The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow. The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow. The delay in payment adversely affected the contractor's cash flow.
Żadna zmiana umowy nie może naruszać praw stron w sposób niekorzystny.
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Any amendment to the agreement shall not adversely affect the rights of the parties. Any amendment to the agreement shall not adversely affect the rights of the parties. Any amendment to the agreement shall not adversely affect the rights of the parties.
Any amendment to the agreement shall not adversely affect the rights of the parties. Any amendment to the agreement shall not adversely affect the rights of the parties. Any amendment to the agreement shall not adversely affect the rights of the parties.
istotny, wyróżniający się, kluczowy
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salient, salient, salient, salient, salient, salient, salient,
salient, salient, salient, salient, salient, salient, salient,
salient, salient, salient, salient, salient, salient, salient,
kluczowy punkt sprawy
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salient point of the case, salient point of the case, salient point of the case, salient point of the case
salient point of the case, salient point of the case, salient point of the case, salient point of the case
salient point of the case, salient point of the case, salient point of the case, salient point of the case
Pełnomocnik podkreślił istotne fakty przemawiające za obroną.
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Counsel highlighted the salient facts supporting the defense. counsel highlighted the salient facts supporting the defense.
Counsel highlighted the salient facts supporting the defense. counsel highlighted the salient facts supporting the defense.
Pozwała gazetę o zniesławienie po opublikowaniu fałszywych informacji.
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She sued the newspaper for defamation after it published false statements about her.
She sued the newspaper for defamation after it published false statements about her.
Powód pozwał pozwanego z powodu zniesławienia i naruszenia prywatności.
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The claimant sued the defendant on the grounds of defamation and invasion of privacy. The claimant sued the defendant on the grounds of defamation and invasion of privacy.
The claimant sued the defendant on the grounds of defamation and invasion of privacy. The claimant sued the defendant on the grounds of defamation and invasion of privacy.
The claimant sued the defendant on the grounds of defamation and invasion of privacy. The claimant sued the defendant on the grounds of defamation and invasion of privacy.
Urlop ojcowski
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paternity leave
powództwo o ustalenie ojcostwa
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paternity suit/ paternity action, paternity suit/ paternity action, paternity suit/ paternity action
paternity suit/ paternity action, paternity suit/ paternity action, paternity suit/ paternity action
zaprzeczenie ojcostwa
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denial of paternity
domniemanie niewinności
empezar lección
presumption of innocence
domniemanie ojcostwa
empezar lección
presumption of paternity
sporny, wywołujący spór (w znaczeniu ogólnym), sprawny sądowo / procesowy (w znaczeniu prawniczym).
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Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious,
Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious, Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious
Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious, Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious
Sąd rozpoznaje sprawy sporne, takie jak spory z umów.
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The court handles contentious matters such as contract disputes.
The court handles contentious matters such as contract disputes.
sporny
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Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious relating to disputes that are or may be resolved through dispute.
Contentious, contentious, contentious, contentious relating to disputes that are or may be resolved through dispute.
postępowanie sporne
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contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings
contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings
contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings, contentious proceedings
prawnik od spraw spornych
empezar lección
contentious lawyer
on specjalizuje się w sprawach procesowych przed sądami cywilnymi.
empezar lección
He specializes in contentious matters before civil courts.
He specializes in contentious matters before civil courts.
trudny interes, wymagający ostrożności, podchwytliwy
empezar lección
tricky business
Roszczenie o niesłuszne zwolnienie
empezar lección
Claim for unfair dismissal
Claim for unfair dismissal
minimalny okres wypowiedzenia
empezar lección
the minimum notice period
the minimum notice period
Być skazanym za przestępstwo
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To be convicted of a criminal offence, To be convicted of a criminal offence, To be convicted of a criminal offence
To be convicted of a criminal offence, To be convicted of a criminal offence, To be convicted of a criminal offence
To be convicted of a criminal offence, To be convicted of a criminal offence, To be convicted of a criminal offence
Została skazana za poważne przestępstwo z Kodeksu karnego.
empezar lección
She was convicted of a serious criminal offence under the Penal Code.
on został skazany za kradzież na 6 miesięcy więzienia
empezar lección
He was convicted of theft and sentenced to six months in prison.
He was convicted of theft and sentenced to six months in prison.
He was convicted of theft and sentenced to six months in prison.
znajdować się w stanie upadłości orzeczonej przez sąd.
empezar lección
to be a subject of a bankruptcy order
syndyk masy upadłości
empezar lección
trustee in bankruptcy
trustee in bankruptcy
Osoba objęta postanowieniem o ogłoszeniu upadłości nie może pełnić funkcji dyrektora spółki.
empezar lección
A person who is the subject of a bankruptcy order cannot act as a company director.
A person who is the subject of a bankruptcy order cannot act as a company director.
ponieść wydatki
empezar lección
to incure expenses
ponieść wydatki
empezar lección
to incure expenses
ponieść straty
empezar lección
to incure losses, to incure losses, to incure losses
to incure losses, to incure losses, to incure losses
ponieść odpowiedzialność
empezar lección
to incure liability
narazić się na ryzyko
empezar lección
to incure risk
Wstrzymanie się od wykonania określonego prawa, zwłaszcza prawa do egzekwowania długu lub roszczenia.
empezar lección
Forbearance: the act of refraining from exercising a legal right, especially the right to enforce a debt or claim.
Forbearance: the act of refraining from exercising a legal right, especially the right to enforce a debt or claim.
Najemca poprosił o wstrzymanie płatności czynszu ze względu na trudną sytuację finansową.
empezar lección
The tenant requested forbearance on rent payments due to financial hardship.
The tenant requested forbearance on rent payments due to financial hardship.
Wierzyciel zgodził się wstrzymać się z podjęciem działań prawnych przez sześć miesięcy.
empezar lección
The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months. The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months. The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months.
The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months. The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months. The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months.
The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months. The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months. The creditor agreed to forbear from taking legal action for six months.
Powstrzymać się od wykonania uprawnienia lub od podjęcia kroków prawnych.
empezar lección
To forbear: to refrain from exercising a legal right or taking legal action. To forbear: to refrain from exercising a legal right or taking legal action. To forbear: to refrain from exercising a legal right or taking legal action.
To forbear: to refrain from exercising a legal right or taking legal action. To forbear: to refrain from exercising a legal right or taking legal action. To forbear: to refrain from exercising a legal right or taking legal action.
Powstrzymać się od dochodzenia swoich praw Zaniechać wykonywania uprawnienia
empezar lección
to forbear from enforcing rights, to forbear from enforcing rights, to forbear from enforcing rights,
to forbear from enforcing rights, to forbear from enforcing rights, to forbear from enforcing rights,
powstrzymać się od podjęcia kroków prawnych
empezar lección
to forbear from legal action, to forbear from legal action, to forbear from legal action
to forbear from legal action, to forbear from legal action, to forbear from legal action
to forbear from legal action, to forbear from legal action, to forbear from legal action
Twoja rada nie jest już potrzebna
empezar lección
your counsel is no longer needed
your counsel is no longer needed
„to ma zbyt duże znaczenie / zbyt poważne skutki / jest zbyt doniosłe w skutkach”.
empezar lección
It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential.
It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential.
It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential. It is too consequential.
Twoje saldo
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your balance
your balance
wpłacać pieniądze
empezar lección
to deposit money to deposit money, to deposit money means to put it into a bank account
to deposit money to deposit money, to deposit money means to put it into a bank account
rachunek bieżący / rachunek bieżący
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current account/ checking account
przekroczenie konta bankowego, debet
empezar lección
overdraft
Rachunek
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A bill is a demand for payment for goods or services you have received.
A bill is a demand for payment for goods or services you have received.
wypłacić pieniądze z konta bankowego
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to withdraw: to take money out of the a bank account
to withdraw: to take money out of the a bank account
Być uprawnionym – być uprawnionym / kwalifikować się / posiadać warunki do czegoś.
empezar lección
To be eligible, to be eligible, to be eligible
To be eligible, to be eligible, to be eligible
on Nie spełnia warunków do otrzymania zasiłku dla bezrobotnych
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He is not eligible to claim unemployment benefits. He is not eligible to claim unemployment benefits. He is not eligible to claim unemployment benefits.
He is not eligible to claim unemployment benefits. He is not eligible to claim unemployment benefits. He is not eligible to claim unemployment benefits.
Opłaty bankowe do poniesienia
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Bank charges to be borne
opłaty bankowe
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bank charges, charges, bank charges, bank charges, bank charges, bank charges
bank charges, charges, bank charges, bank charges, bank charges, bank charges
bank charges, charges, bank charges, bank charges, bank charges, bank charges
wyciąg z konta
Na tym wyciągu z konta musi być błąd!
empezar lección
a bank statement
There must be a mistake in this bank statement!
potwierdzić ważność, zatwierdzić, zweryfikować
empezar lección
To validate, to validate to validate means to confirm that something is legally or factually correct, officially acceptable, or based on truth or evidence.
To validate, to validate to validate means to confirm that something is legally or factually correct, officially acceptable, or based on truth or evidence.
konto oszczędnościowe
empezar lección
a deposit account
potwierdzić ważność umowy
empezar lección
to validate a contract, to validate a contract, to validate a contract
to validate a contract, to validate a contract, to validate a contract
Sąd potwierdził ważność umowy mimo wady formalnej.
empezar lección
The court validated the contract despite the formal defect.
The court validated the contract despite the formal defect. the court validated the contract despite the formal defect. The court validated the contract despite the formal defect.
Wszelkie niejasności w umowie będą interpretowane na niekorzyść jej autora.
empezar lección
Any ambiguity in the contract will be construed against the drafter.
Any ambiguity in the contract will be construed against the drafter.
Wykładnia umowy zależy od rzeczywistego zamiaru stron.
empezar lección
The construction of the contract depends on the parties' true intention.
The construction of the contract depends on the parties’ true intention.
dochód
Nasze wydatki przekraczają przychód.
empezar lección
income
Our expenses exceed income.
wydatki
empezar lección
outgoings, outgoings, outgoings
outgoings a word for all of the money you spend it could be every month or every year.
winny komuś pieniądze
empezar lección
owe sb money
to have to pay money to someone else
Pozwany jest winien powodowi znaczną sumę pieniędzy.
empezar lección
The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money. The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money. The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money.
The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money. The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money. The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money.
The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money. The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money. The defendant owes the claimant a substantial sum of money.
debet, mieć kredyt w rachunku bieżącym, mieć limit debetowy na rachunku bieżącym
empezar lección
to have an overdraft facility, to have an overdraft facility, to have an overdraft facility,
to have an overdraft facility, to have an overdraft facility, to have an overdraft facility,
to have an overdraft facility, to have an overdraft facility, to have an overdraft facility,
Bank może wypowiedzieć limit debetowy w razie naruszenia warunków przez klienta.
empezar lección
The bank may terminate the overdraft limit if the customer breaches the terms and conditions.
The bank may terminate the overdraft facility on notice if the customer breaches the terms.
Na moim koncie widnieją dwa obciążenia za wczoraj
empezar lección
My account shows two debits for yesterday
My account shows two debits for yesterday
Zauważyłem nieoczekiwaną kwotę obciążenia na moim wyciągu.
empezar lección
I noticed an unexpected debit on my statement. I noticed an unexpected debit on my statement. I noticed an unexpected debit on my statement.
I noticed an unexpected debit on my statement. I noticed an unexpected debit on my statement. I noticed an unexpected debit on my statement.
Próbuję zmniejszyć swoje całkowite wydatki
empezar lección
I am trying to reduce my total outgoings
Niespłacać pożyczki
empezar lección
To default on a loan means to breach the repayment obligations arising under a loan contract by failing to make the payments when they fall due, whether in whole or in part.
Pozwany nie spłacił pożyczki, nie dokonując spłaty rat wymagalnych zgodnie z umową pożyczki.
empezar lección
The Defendant defaulted on the loan by failing to make the instalments due under the loan agreement
The Defendant defaulted on the loan by failing to make the instalments due under the loan agreement
umowne Odsetki za zwłokę
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Contractual default interest. Contractual default interests means the rate of interest agreed by the parties in the contract, payable in the event of a default, particularly a failure to make a payment when due.
Contractual default interest means the rate of interest agreed by the parties in the contract, payable in the event of a default, particularly a failure to make a payment when due.
konto oszczędnościowe
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savings account
mieć dobrą historię płacenia
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to have a good history of paying
to have a good history of paying
zaległości (finansowe)
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arrears, arrears
Arrears are sums of money that have become due and remain unpaid past the agreed date. The term is commonly used in relation to rent, loan instalments, maintenance payments, or any other recurring financial obligations.
Sąd może wyegzekwować zaległe alimenty na rzecz dziecka.
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Child maintenance arrears can be enforced by the court.
Child maintenance arrears can be enforced by the court.
Twoje saldo to kwota pieniędzy, którą masz na swoim koncie bankowym
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Your balance is the amount of money that you have got in your bank account
Your balance is the amount of money that you have got in your bank account
„Problem utworzenia państwa jest rozwiązywalny nawet dla narodu diabłów, o ile posiadają rozum.” — Immanuel Kant, Wieczny pokój
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The problem of establishing a state is soluble even for a nation of devils, provided they have reason.” — Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace (1795)
wpływać negatywnie, oddziaływać niekorzystnie, naruszać w sposób szkodliwy
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adversely affect
Opóźnienie może niekorzystnie wpłynąć na prawa powoda.
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The delay may adversely affect the claimant's rights
The delay may adversely affect the claimant's rights
Nowy warunek niekorzystnie wpłynie na sytuację wykonawcy.
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The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation. The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation. The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation.
The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation. The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation. The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation.
The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation. The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation. The new condition will adversely affect the contractor's situation.
negatywny wpływ, niekorzystny skutek
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adverse affect
niekorzystny, szkodliwy, niepożądany,
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adverse, adverse, adverse,
adverse, adverse, adverse
strona przeciwna
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adverse party
adverse party
zasiedzenie/ posiadanie wbrew prawu właściciela
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adverse possession
niekorzystny dowód
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adverse evidence
adverse evidence
interes sprzeczny z interesem innej strony
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adverse interest, adverse interest
adverse interest, adverse interest an interest that is contrary to the interest of another party
negatywna decyzja
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adverse decision
adverse decision
zeznanie
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testimony
przysięga
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a vow
obrona
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defense, defense, defence, defence
defense, defense, defence, defence
defense, defense, defence, defence
świadek
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a witness
podejrzany
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a suspect
winny
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guilty
kara
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penalty, punishment
niewinny
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innocent
prawnik
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a lawyer
ława przysięgłych
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a jury
karać
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to punish
sąd
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a court
przestępca
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a criminal; an offender, a criminal; an offender, a criminal; an offender
a criminal; an offender, a criminal; an offender, a criminal; an offender
wyrok
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a sentence
złodziej
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a thief
wandalizm
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vandalism
włamywacz
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a burglar
złodziej sklepowy
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a shoplifter
wandal
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a vandal
ofiara
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a victim
morderstwo
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murder
kradzież sklepowa
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shoplifting
morderca
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a murderer
łamać prawo
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break the law, break the law, break the law
break the law, break the law, break the law
zabójca
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murderer
rabunek
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robbery
popełnić przestępstwo
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to commit a crime
włamać się
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to burgle
włamanie
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a burglary
proces sądowy
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trial
śledztwo
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investigation
niepewny
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insecure, insecure, insecure
insecure, insecure, insecure
przeprosiny
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apology
zachowanie
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behaviour
płeć
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sex
orientacja seksualna
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sexual orientation
niewidzialny
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invisible
zostać ukaranym
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be punished
aresztować
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to arrest
nieuprzejmy
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impolite
miejsce zbrodni
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crime scene
prawa zostały negatywnie naruszone
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the rights were adversely affected
the rights were adversely affected
niekorzystnie wpływać na coś
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to adversely affect something
to adversely affect something, to adversely affect something
Przedłużająca się bezczynność organu niekorzystnie wpłynęła na prawa procesowe skarżącego.
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The prolonged inaction of the authority adversely affected the claimant's procedural rights. The prolonged inaction of the authority adversely affected the claimant's procedural rights.
The prolonged inaction of the authority adversely affected the claimant's procedural rights. The prolonged inaction of the authority adversely affected the claimant's procedural rights.
The prolonged inaction of the authority adversely affected the claimant's procedural rights. The prolonged inaction of the authority adversely affected the claimant's procedural rights.
niewłaściwe postępowanie o charakterze poważniejszym, naruszenie obowiązków, zasad, procedur lub prawa.
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misconduct, misconduct, misconduct
misconduct, misconduct, misconduct
pracownika zwolniono za poważne naruszenie obowiązków
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the employee was dismissed for misconduct
the employee was dismissed for misconduct. the employee was dismissed for misconduct. the employee was dismissed for misconduct. the employee was dismissed for misconduct.
the employee was dismissed for misconduct. the employee was dismissed for misconduct. the employee was dismissed for misconduct. the employee was dismissed for misconduct.
nadużycie funkcji publicznej
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misconduct in public office, misconduct in public office, misconduct in public office
misconduct in public office, misconduct in public office, misconduct in public office
nieprawidłowości finansowe
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financial misconduct, financial misconduct, financial misconduct
financial misconduct, financial misconduct, financial misconduct
Fakt istotny (prawnie doniosły)
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Material fact Material fact – a fact that determines the legal outcome or influences the decision of a party.
Material fact – a fact that determines the legal outcome or influences the decision of a party.
Istotna okoliczność (bez doniosłości prawnej)
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SIGNIFICANT CIRCUMSTANCE Significant circumstance – an important circumstance, but not necessarily one that is legally decisive.
SIGNIFICANT CIRCUMSTANCE Significant circumstance – an important circumstance, but not necessarily one that is legally decisive.
„ prawo istnieje jako zwykły fakt i innymi słowy to, czym jest prawo, w żaden sposób nie zależy od tego, czym powinno być”.
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“The law exists as a plain fact, in other words, and what the law is in no way depends on what it should be.”
“Dworkin presents this statement as a description of the positivist position, not as his own thesis.”
“The law exists as a plain fact, in other words, and what the law is in no way depends on what it should be.”
narastać, kumulować
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accure
Odsetki ustawowe nadal narastają aż do dnia pełnej zapłaty.
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Statutory interest continues to accrue until full payment is made.
Statutory interest continues to accrue until the date of full payment.
Wszelkie niezapłacone opłaty będą podlegały naliczaniu odsetek według stawki umownej.
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Any unpaid fees will be subject to interest at the contractual rate. Any unpaid fees will be subject to interest at the contractual rate. Any unpaid fees will be subject to interest at the contractual rate.
Any unpaid fees will be subject to interest at the contractual rate. Any unpaid fees will be subject to interest at the contractual rate. Any unpaid fees will be subject to interest at the contractual rate.
stopa kredytu, oprocentowanie pożyczki
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loan rate
loan rate
niewazny, nieskuteczny, niedopuszczalny, wadliwy
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no good
an informal way of saying not suitable or not acceptable
Ten dowód jest bezwartościowy / niedopuszczalny
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The evidence is no good.
The evidence is no good.
Umowa jest prawnie nieskuteczna.
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The contract is no good in law.
the contract is no good on law
brać pod uwagę zasady prawa
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pay attention to the principle of law
pay attention to the principle of law
stworzyć wiążący precedens
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to create a binding precedent
uzasadnienie rozstrzygnięcia, RATIO DEDICENDI
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reasoning behind the decision, reasoning behind the decision, reasoning behind the decision
reasoning behind the decision, reasoning behind the decision, reasoning behind the decision
reasoning behind the decision, reasoning behind the decision, reasoning behind the decision
Zrozumienie argumentacji leżącej u podstaw rozstrzygnięcia jest konieczne do oceny jego zgodności z prawem.
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Understanding the reasoning behind the decision is essential for assessing its compliance with the applicable law.
Understanding the reasoning behind the decision is essential for assessing its compliance with the applicable law.
rażąca niesprawiedliwość
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Manifest injustice means an outcome that is clearly, obviously, and seriously unfair, to such an extent that allowing it to stand would undermine the integrity of the judicial process.
Manifest injustice means an outcome that is clearly, obviously, and seriously unfair, to such an extent that allowing it to stand would undermine the integrity of the judicial process.
istotny dla / mający znaczenie dla / dotyczący / związany z
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relevant to, relevant to, relevant to
relevant to, relevant to, relevant to
Dokumenty te nie mają znaczenia dla ustalenia odpowiedzialności.
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These documents are not relevant to liability. These documents are not relevant to determining liability.
These documents are not relevant to liability.
pisemne Oświadczenie złożone pod przysięga
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affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit
affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit
affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit, affidavit
rażące wprowadzenie w błąd, rażące przekłamanie,
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gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation,
gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation,
gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation, gross misrepresentation,
Sąd uznał, że postępowanie pozwanego stanowiło poważne wprowadzenie w błąd co do sytuacji finansowej przedsiębiorstwa.
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The court held that the defendant’s conduct constituted gross misrepresentation of the financial condition of the company. The court held that the defendant’s conduct constituted gross misrepresentation of the financial condition of the company.
The court held that the defendant’s conduct constituted gross misrepresentation of the financial condition of the company. The court held that the defendant’s conduct constituted gross misrepresentation of the financial condition of the company.
The court held that the defendant’s conduct constituted gross misrepresentation of the financial condition of the company. The court held that the defendant’s conduct constituted gross misrepresentation of the financial condition of the company.
Rażące wprowadzenie w błąd może być podstawą do odstąpienia od umowy.
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Gross misrepresentation may justify rescission of the contract. Gross misrepresentation may justify rescission of the contract. Gross misrepresentation may justify rescission of the contract.
Gross misrepresentation may justify rescission of the contract. Gross misrepresentation may justify rescission of the contract. Gross misrepresentation may justify rescission of the contract.
Muszę zgłosić sprzeciw. To zupełnie nie ma związku ze sprawą.
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I have to object. this is completely irrelevant to the issue.
I have to object. this is completely irrelevant to the issue. I have to object. this is completely irrelevant to the issue.
istotny
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substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive
substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive
substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive, substantive
Czy poprawnie przedstawiłem Twoje stanowisko? Jeśli nie, chcę, żebyś je powtórzył.
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did I state your position correctly? if I did not state your position correctly I want you to restate.
did I state your position correctly? if I did not state your position correctly I want you to restate.
niekorzystnie wpływać na coś, działać negatywnie.
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to adversely affect something, to adversely affect something, to adversely affect something,
to adversely affect something, to adversely affect something, to adversely affect something,
ktoś/coś dotknięte negatywnymi skutkami.
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someone/something affected by negative effects, someone/something affected by negative effects, someone/something affected by negative effects.
someone/something affected by negative effects, someone/something affected by negative effects, someone/something affected by negative effects.
dotkniętych negatywnymi skutkami
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affected by adverse effects, affected by adverse effects, affected by adverse effected
affected by adverse effects, affected by adverse effects, affected by adverse effected
oferta wygasła
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the offer has lapsed
the offer has lapsed, the offer has lapsed
złożyć kontrpropozycję,
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to make a counter offer,
to make a counter offer, to make a counter offer, to make a counter offer
odwołać ofertę
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to revoke an offer, to revoke an offer, to revoke an offer, to revoke an offer
odwołać pełnomocnictwo,
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to revoke a power of attorney,
to revoke a power of attorney, to revoke a power of attorney, to revoke a power of attorney
świadczenie musi być wzajemne.
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Consideration must be reciprocal.
Consideration must be reciprocal. Consideration must be reciprocal. Consideration must be reciprocal.
ponieść uszczerbek / doznać szkody
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to suffer a detriment. to suffer a detriment. to suffer a detriment
wykonać świadczenie wzajemne
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to provide consideration, to provide consideration, to provide consideration, to provide consideration, to provide consideration,
to provide consideration, to provide consideration, to provide consideration, to provide consideration, to provide consideration,
Każda ze stron musi wykonać świadczenie wzajemne jako warunek zawarcia wiążącej umowy.
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Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract. Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract. Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract.
Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract. Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract. Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract.
Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract. Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract. Each party must provide consideration as a condition of forming a binding contract.
wprowadzające w błąd sprawozdania finansowe skłoniło inwestora do zawarcia umowy.
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Gross misrepresentation of the financial statements induced the investor to enter into the agreement.
Gross misrepresentation of the financial statements induced the investor to enter into the agreement.
Powód podnosił, że zachowanie sprzedawcy stanowiło rażące wprowadzenie w błąd.
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The claimant argued that the seller’s conduct amounted to gross misrepresentation. The claimant argued that the seller’s conduct amounted to gross misrepresentation.
The claimant argued that the seller’s conduct amounted to gross misrepresentation. The claimant argued that the seller’s conduct amounted to gross misrepresentation.
Powód jest uprawniony do otrzymania odsetek ustawowych.
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The claimant is eligible to receive statutory interest. The claimant is eligible to receive statutory interest. The claimant is eligible to receive statutory interest.
The claimant is eligible to receive statutory interest. The claimant is eligible to receive statutory interest. The claimant is eligible to receive statutory interest.
Jedynie pracownicy z co najmniej dwuletnim stażem kwalifikują się do odprawy
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Only employees with at least two years of service are eligible for redundancy pay. Only employees with at least two years of service are eligible for redundancy pay. Only employees with at least two years of service are eligible for redundancy pay.
Only employees with at least two years of service are eligible for redundancy pay. Only employees with at least two years of service are eligible for redundancy pay. Only employees with at least two years of service are eligible for redundancy pay.
Zasady są wymogami/ nakazami optymalizacyjnymi
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“Principles are optimization requirements, optimization commands." Robert Alexy
Sąd zażądał pisemnego oświadczenia złożonego pod przysięga potwierdzającego ustalenia faktyczne.
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The court required an affidavit confirming the facts of the case. The court required an affidavit confirming the facts of the case. The court required an affidavit confirming the facts of the case.
The court required an affidavit confirming the facts of the case. The court required an affidavit confirming the facts of the case. The court required an affidavit confirming the facts of the case.
Złożył fałszywy affidavit, co stanowi przestępstwo krzywoprzysięstwa.
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He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury. He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury. He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury.
He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury. He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury. He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury.
He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury. He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury. He filed a false affidavit, which constitutes perjury.
procedura rozpatrywania skarg pracowniczych
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Grievance procedure
wypowiedzenie umowy o pracę
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letter of resignation
letter of resignation, letter of resignation,
Niniejszym składam moje pismo rezygnacyjne z zachowaniem wymaganego okresu wypowiedzenia.
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I hereby submit my letter of resignation with the required notice period.
okres wypowiedzenia
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a notice period, a notice period, a notice period, a notice period
a notice period, a notice period, a notice period, a notice period
a notice period, a notice period, a notice period, a notice period
odprawa z tytułu zwolnienia
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redundancy payment
umowa na czas określony
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a fixed term contract
wypowiedzenie z winy pracodawcy
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Constructive dismissal
niesprawiedliwe zwolnienie
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unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal
unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal
unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal, unfair dismissal
mieć roszczenie wobec pracodawcy
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to have a grievance against an employer, to have a grievance against an employer, to have a grievance against an employer
to have a grievance against an employer, to have a grievance against an employer, to have a grievance against an employer
kwalifikować się do zwolnienia warunkowego
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to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol
to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol, to be eligible for parol
Kwalifikacja do warunkowego zwolnienia nie tworzy uprawnienia do zwolnienia,
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Eligibility for parole does not create an entitlement to release. Eligibility for parole does not create an entitlement to release. Eligibility for parole does not create an entitlement to release.
Eligibility for parole does not create an entitlement to release. Eligibility for parole does not create an entitlement to release. Eligibility for parole does not create an entitlement to release.
odsetki za opóźnienie umowne, odsetki za opóźnienie umowne, odsetki za opóźnienie umowne,
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contractual default interests, contractual default interests, contractual default interests,
contractual default interests, contractual default interests, contractual default interests,
zasada proporcjonalności w szerokim rozumieniu: test odpowiedniości, test konieczności, test proporcjonalności w sensie ścisłym
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proportionality principle in the board sense: the suitability test (appriopriateness test), the necessity test, the proportionality sensu stricto test (balancing test)
proportionality principle in the board sense: the suitability test (appriopriateness test), the necessity test, the proportionality sensu stricto test (balancing test)
Strony podjęły wobec siebie wzajemne zobowiązania na podstawie umowy.
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The parties undertook reciprocal obligations under the contract. The parties undertook reciprocal obligations under the contract. The parties undertook reciprocal obligations under the contract.
The parties undertook reciprocal obligations under the contract. The parties undertook reciprocal obligations under the contract. The parties undertook reciprocal obligations under the contract.
Obie strony wniosły wzajemne świadczenia.
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Both parties provided reciprocal consideration. Both parties provided reciprocal consideration. Both parties provided reciprocal consideration. Both parties provided reciprocal consideration.
Both parties provided reciprocal consideration. Both parties provided reciprocal consideration. Both parties provided reciprocal consideration. Both parties provided reciprocal consideration.
Z chwilą wykonania umowy powstają wzajemne prawa i obowiązki.
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Reciprocal rights and duties arise once the agreement is executed. Reciprocal rights and duties arise once the agreement is executed. Reciprocal rights and duties arise once the agreement is executed.
Reciprocal rights and duties arise once the agreement is executed. Reciprocal rights and duties arise once the agreement is executed. Reciprocal rights and duties arise once the agreement is executed.
uwięzienie, pozbawienie wolności, osadzenie w zakładzie karnym
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incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration
incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration
incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration, incarceration
otrzymać odszkodowanie w przypadku naruszenia umowy
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to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract
to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract
to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract, to be awarded damages in the case of a breach of a contract
wielokrotne nieterminowe płacenie doprowadziło do odstąpienia od umowy
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repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract. repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract. Repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract.
repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract. repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract. Repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract.
repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract. repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract. Repeated failure to pay on time led to the repudiation of the contract.
podnosić zarzuty, twierdzenia, przedstawiać stanowisko (prawo cywilne)
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to plead, to plead, to plead
to plead, to plead, to plead
to plead, to plead, to plead
pisma procesowe, twierdzenia i zarzuty stron
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pleadings, pleadings, pleadings
pleadings, pleadings, pleadings
pleadings, pleadings, pleadings
Pozwany nie przedstawił żadnej ważnej obrony.
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The defendant failed to plead any valid defence.
Pełnomocnik umiejętnie przedstawił sprawę przed Sądem Najwyższym.
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Counsel skillfully pleaded the case before the High Court. Counsel skillfully pleaded the case before the High Court. Counsel skillfully pleaded the case before the High Court.
Counsel skillfully pleaded the case before the High Court. Counsel skillfully pleaded the case before the High Court. Counsel skillfully pleaded the case before the High Court.
PRZEDAWNIONY, objęty przedawnieniem
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TIME-BARRED, time-barred, time barred.
TIME-BARRED, time-barred, time-barred
Pozwany podniósł zarzut przedawnienia roszczenia.
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The defendant raised the defense that the claim was time-barred.
Przedawnione zadłużenie nie może zostać wyegzekwowane przed sądem.
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A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court. A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court. A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court. A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court.
A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court. A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court. A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court. A time-barred debt cannot be enforced in court.
Powództwo zostało oddalone jako przedawnione.
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The action was dismissed as time-barred. The claim was dismissed as time-barred.
roszczenie uległo przedawnieniu
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the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred,
the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred, the claim is time-barred,
naruszyć cudzą własność / wkroczyć bez uprawnienia na cudzy teren (lub w cudzą sferę prawną)
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To trespass, to trespass, to trespass, Definition: to trespass means to interfere with something or someone. To trespass, to trespass, to trespass, Definition: to trespass means to interfere with something or someone.
To trespass, to trespass, to trespass, Definition: to trespass means to interfere with something or someone. To trespass, to trespass, to trespass, Definition: to trespass means to interfere with something or someone.
„Wtargnięcie” oznacza bezprawne naruszenie czyjejś własności, dóbr lub osobistej autonomii.
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“To trespass” means to unlawfully interfere with someone’s property, goods, or personal autonomy. “To trespass” means to unlawfully interfere with someone’s property, goods, or personal autonomy.
“To trespass” means to unlawfully interfere with someone’s property, goods, or personal autonomy.“To trespass” means to unlawfully interfere with someone’s property, goods, or personal autonomy.
bezprawne naruszenie nietykalności osobistej
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Trespass to the person – unlawful invasion of personal integrity (includes assault, battery, false imprisonment). Trespass to the person – unlawful invasion of personal integrity (includes assault, battery, false imprisonment)
Trespass to the person – unlawful invasion of personal integrity (includes assault, battery, false imprisonment). Trespass to the person – unlawful invasion of personal integrity (includes assault, battery, false imprisonment).
bezprawne wtargniecie na cudzy grunt
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trespass to land, trespass to the land, trespass to land
Wejście na nieruchomość bez zgody właściciela stanowi naruszenie miru domowego / bezprawne wtargnięcie.
empezar lección
trespass to land. trespass to land. trespass to land. Entering the property without the owner's consent constitutes trespass to land. Entering the property without the owner's consent constitutes trespass to land.
trespass to land. trespass to land. trespass to land. Entering the property without the owner's consent constitutes trespass to land. Entering the property without the owner's consent constitutes trespass to land.
delikt polegający na wywołaniu u innej osoby uzasadnionej obawy przed natychmiastową przemocą fizyczną.
empezar lección
The tort of assault – a tort of causing another person to have a reasonable fear of immediate physical violence.
wypowiedź zniesławiająca / pomawiająca, czyli taka, która obiektywnie szkodzi reputacji danej osoby.
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Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement,
Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement,
Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement, Defamatory statement,
Artykuł zawierał zniesławiające oświadczenie, zarzucające powodowi nadużycia zawodowe.
empezar lección
The article contained a defamatory statement alleging that the claimant had engaged in professional misconduct. The article contained a defamatory statement alleging that the claimant had engaged in professional misconduct.
The article contained a defamatory statement alleging that the claimant had engaged in professional misconduct. The article contained a defamatory statement alleging that the claimant had engaged in professional misconduct.
zniesławienie, pomówienie
empezar lección
Defamation, defamation, defamation, defamation
Defamation, defamation, defamation, defamation
Defamation, defamation, defamation, defamation
nieprawdziwość / fałszywość (w sensie prawnym.
empezar lección
Falsity, Falsity, Falsity Falsity is the quality of a statement being untrue, meaning it does not correspond to objective facts and misrepresents reality.
Falsity, Falsity, Falsity Falsity is the quality of a statement being untrue, meaning it does not correspond to objective facts and misrepresents reality.
Bank może wypowiedzieć limit debetowy, jeżeli klient narusza umowę rachunku.
empezar lección
The bank may terminate the overdraft facility if the customer breaches the account agreement. The bank may terminate the overdraft facility if the customer breaches the account agreement. OVERDRAFT FACILITY, OVERDRAFT FACILITY
The bank may terminate the overdraft facility if the customer breaches the account agreement. The bank may terminate the overdraft facility if the customer breaches the account agreement. OVERDRAFT FACILITY, OVERDRAFT FACILITY
Sprawiedliwość spóźniona to odmówienie sprawiedliwości.
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Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied.
Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied. Justice delayed is justice denied.
zniesławienie w formie trwałej
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label, label, label (publishing the defamatory statement in a permanent form) (permanent defamation)
label, label, label (publishing the defamatory statement in a permanent form) (permanent defamation)
Zamieszczanie zniesławiających komentarzy w mediach społecznościowych może stanowić zniesławienie
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Posting defamatory comments on social media may constitute a libel. Posting defamatory comments on social media may constitute a libel. Posting defamatory comments on social media may constitute a libel.
Posting defamatory comments on social media may constitute a libel. Posting defamatory comments on social media may constitute a libel. Posting defamatory comments on social media may constitute a libel.
umyślne i bezprawne fizyczne naruszenie integralności cielesnej innej osoby.
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Battery, Battery (intentional, unlawful, without consent, direct or indirect contact), Battery (intentional, unlawful, without consent, direct or indirect contact), Battery (intentional, unlawful, without consent, direct or indirect contact)
Battery, Battery (intentional, unlawful, without consent, direct or indirect contact), Battery (intentional, unlawful, without consent, direct or indirect contact), Battery (intentional, unlawful, without consent, direct or indirect contact)
Battery wymaga rzeczywistego kontaktu fizycznego, podczas gdy assault może wystąpić bez dotknięcia ofiary.
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Battery requires actual physical contact, whereas assault can occur without touching the victim. Battery requires actual physical contact, whereas assault can occur without touching the victim.
Battery requires actual physical contact, whereas assault can occur without touching the victim. Battery requires actual physical contact, whereas assault can occur without touching the victim.
Sąd musi ustalić, czy zdarzenie było rozsądnie przewidywalnym skutkiem zachowania pozwanego.
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The court must determine whether the event was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant's conduct.
The court must determine whether the event was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant's conduct.
The court must determine whether the event was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant's conduct.
Pozwany ponosi odpowiedzialność wyłącznie za straty, które były rozsądnie przewidywalne w chwili naruszenia.
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The defendant is liable only for losses that were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach. The defendant is liable only for losses that were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach.
The defendant is liable only for losses that were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach. The defendant is liable only for losses that were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach.
The defendant is liable only for losses that were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach. The defendant is liable only for losses that were reasonably foreseeable at the time of the breach.
roszczenie stanowiące podstawę powództwa
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actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim,
actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim,
actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim, actionable claim,
czyn niedozwolony stanowiący podstawę powództwa
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actionable wrong, actionable wrong, actionable wrong, actionable wrong, actionable wrong,
actionable wrong, actionable wrong, actionable wrong, actionable wrong, actionable wrong,
naruszenie stanowiące podstawę powództwa
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actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach,
actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach, actionable breach,
szkoda rodząca odpowiedzialność
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actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage,
actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage,
actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage, actionable damage,
wprowadzające w błąd oświadczenie stanowiące podstawę odpowiedzialności
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actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation,
actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation,
actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation, actionable misrepresentation,
niedbalstwo rodzące odpowiedzialność
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negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability
negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability, negligence giving rise to liability
zachowanie stanowiące podstawę powództwa
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actionable conduct, actionable conduct, actionable conduct, actionable conduct,
actionable conduct, actionable conduct, actionable conduct, actionable conduct,
actionable conduct, actionable conduct, actionable conduct, actionable conduct,
zaniechanie rodzące odpowiedzialność prawną, zaskarżalne zaniechanie
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actionable omission, actionable omission, actionable omission, actionable omission
actionable omission, actionable omission, actionable omission, actionable omission
actionable omission, actionable omission, actionable omission, actionable omission
naruszenie / ingerencja dająca podstawę powództwa
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actionable interference, actionable interference, actionable interference, actionable interference, actionable interference,
actionable interference, actionable interference, actionable interference, actionable interference, actionable interference,
efekt odstraszający
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deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect
deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect
deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect, deterrent effect
odstraszający od przestępstwa
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deterrent to crime, deterrent to crime, deterrent to crime, deterrent to crime,
deterrent to crime, deterrent to crime, deterrent to crime, deterrent to crime,
typ odpowiedzialności deliktowej, rodzaj deliktu
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heads of tort
główny sprawca czynu niedozwolonego
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primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor
primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor
primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor, primary tortfeasor
współsprawca czynu niedozwolonego
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joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor
joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor
joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor, joint tortfeasor
ścigać sprawcę czynu niedozwolonego, dochodzić roszczeń przeciwko sprawcy deliktu / podjąć działania prawne wobec sprawcy czynu niedozwolonego.
empezar lección
to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor,
to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor, to pursue a tortfeasor,
bezzwłocznie, szybko, bez zbędnej zwłoki, natychmiast
empezar lección
forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith
forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith
zapłacić natychmiast
empezar lección
to pay forthwith, to pay forthwith, to pay forthwith, to pay forthwith
to pay forthwith, to pay forthwith, to pay forthwith, to pay forthwith
natychmiast zastosować się do
empezar lección
to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith
to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith
to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith, to comply forthwith
dostarczyć dokumenty niezwłocznie
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to deliver documents forthwith. to deliver documents forthwith. to deliver documents forthwith
to deliver documents forthwith. to deliver documents forthwith. to deliver documents forthwith
działać natychmiast, działać niezwłocznie, bezzębnej zwłoki
empezar lección
to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith
to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith to act forthwith, to act forthwith, to act forthwith
natychmiast opuścić lokal
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to vacate the premises forthwith, to vacate the premises forthwith, to vacate the premises forthwith, to vacate the premises forthwith,
to vacate the premises forthwith, to vacate the premises forthwith, to vacate the premises forthwith, to vacate the premises forthwith,
przez cały okres, w którym..., tak długo, jak..., w czasie, gdy..., w czasie trwania okresu
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during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as,
during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as,
during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as, during such time as,
przez cały okres w którym umowa pozostaje w mocy
empezar lección
during such time as the contract remains in force, during such time as the contract remains in force, during such time as the contract remains in force
during such time as the contract remains in force, during such time as the contract remains in force, during such time as the contract remains in force
przez cały okres, gdy obowiązek nadal istnieje
empezar lección
during such time as the obligation continues to exist. during such time as the obligation continues to exist. during such time as the obligation continues to exist. during such time as the obligation continues to exist
during such time as the obligation continues to exist. during such time as the obligation continues to exist. during such time as the obligation continues to exist. during such time as the obligation continues to exist
w niedalekiej przyszłości
empezar lección
in the near future
Prawo deliktów to gałąź prawa, która reguluje odpowiedzialność cywilną za wyrządzenie szkody.
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The law of tort is the law that deal with civil wrongs. The law of tort is the law that deal with civil wrongs. The law of tort is the law that deal with civil wrongs
The law of tort is the law that deal with civil wrongs. The law of tort is the law that deal with civil wrongs. The law of tort is the law that deal with civil wrongs
czyn niedozwolony
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civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong
civil wrong, civil wrong, civil wrong
popełnić czyn niedozwolony
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to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong
to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong
to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong, to commit a civil wrong
Podstawowym celem prawa deliktów jest zapewnienie środka ochrony prawnej osobom, które zostały pokrzywdzone działaniami innych.
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The principal purpose of the Law of Tort is to provide a remedy to those who have been wronged by others. The principal purpose of the Law of Tort is to provide a remedy to those who have been wronged by others.
The principal purpose of the Law of Tort is to provide a remedy to those who have been wronged by others. The principal purpose of the Law of Tort is to provide a remedy to those who have been wronged by others.
odszkodowanie, wyrównanie szkody
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remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy,
remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy,
remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy, remedy,
krzywdzić kogoś, wyrządzić komuś krzywdę / naruszyć czyjeś prawa / zaszkodzić komuś w sposób bezprawny
empezar lección
to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody
to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody
to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody, to wrong somebody
Wyrządził jej krzywdę, publikując nieprawdziwe informacje.
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He wronged her by publishing false statements. He wronged her by publishing false statements. He wronged her by publishing false statements. He wronged her by publishing false statements.
He wronged her by publishing false statements. He wronged her by publishing false statements. He wronged her by publishing false statements. He wronged her by publishing false statements.
Być odpowiedzialnym za krzywdy/ szkody wyrządzone innym
empezar lección
To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others,
To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others,
To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others, To be liable for wrongs to others,
Osoba może ponosić odpowiedzialność za wyrządzenie szkody innym, jeżeli jej niedbalstwo spowodowało szkodę.
empezar lección
A person may be liable for harm to another if his or her negligence caused the harm. A person may be liable for harm to another if his or her negligence caused the harm.
A person may be liable for harm to another if his or her negligence caused the harm. A person may be liable for harm to another if his or her negligence caused the harm.
naprawiać krzywdę, zadośćuczynić
empezar lección
redress, redress, redress, redress, redress, redress,
redress, redress, redress, redress, redress, redress,
rekompensata lub środek naprawczy przysługujący za naruszenie prawa.
empezar lección
Redress, Redress Redress is the compensation or remedy provided for a legal wrong. Redress is the compensation or remedy provided for a legal wrong. Redress is the compensation or remedy provided for a legal wrong.
Redress, Redress Redress is the compensation or remedy provided for a legal wrong. Redress is the compensation or remedy provided for a legal wrong. Redress is the compensation or remedy provided for a legal wrong.
naruszać obowiązek staranności
empezar lección
to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care
to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care, to breach the duty of care
udowodnienie szkody, wykazanie szkodyv
empezar lección
prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm
prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm, prove of harm
Delikt jest czynem niedozwolonym rodzącym odpowiedzialność cywilną.
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Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred.
Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred.
Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred. Tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred.
Klauzula jest zbyt niejasna, aby można ją było wyegzekwować.
empezar lección
The clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable. The clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable.
The clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable. The clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable.
The clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable. The clause is too vague to be enforceable. the clause is too vague to be enforceable.
tort to czyn niedozwolony, powodujący odpowiedzialność cywilną
empezar lección
a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred, a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred, a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred
a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred, a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred, a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred
a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred, a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred, a tort is a wrong for which civil liability is incurred
dobro prawnie chronione
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a protected interest
zachowanie przestępcze, bezprawne działanie
empezar lección
wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing
wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing, wrongdoing
niezwłocznie, bezzwłocznie, bez żadnej zbędnej zwłoki.
empezar lección
forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith
forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith, forthwith
niedbalstwo, niestaranność, zaniedbanie
empezar lección
negligence, negligence, negligence means a breach of a legal duty to take a reasonable care that results on damage to the claimant negligence, negligence means a breach of a legal duty to take a reasonable care that results on damage to the claimant
negligence, negligence, negligence means a breach of a legal duty to take a reasonable care that results on damage to the claimant negligence, negligence means a breach of a legal duty to take a reasonable care that results on damage to the claimant
zaniedbanie nie zakłada zamiaru
empezar lección
negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend
negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend
negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend, negligence dose not assume intend
zaniedbanie nie jest celowe
empezar lección
negligence is not intentional, negligence is not intentional, negligence is not intentional, negligence is not intentional,
negligence is not intentional, negligence is not intentional, negligence is not intentional, negligence is not intentional,
racjonalną (rozsądną) przewidywalność skutku, ocenianą z perspektywy „rozsądnej osoby”
empezar lección
rational (reasonable) foreseeability of the effect, assessed from the perspective of a reasonable person. rational (reasonable) foreseeability of the effect, assessed from the perspective of a reasonable person.
rational (reasonable) foreseeability of the effect, assessed from the perspective of a reasonable person. rational (reasonable) foreseeability of the effect, assessed from the perspective of a reasonable person.
rational (reasonable) foreseeability of the effect, assessed from the perspective of a reasonable person. rational (reasonable) foreseeability of the effect, assessed from the perspective of a reasonable person.
bliskość
empezar lección
proximity, proximity, proximity, proximity, proximity, proximity,
proximity, proximity, proximity, proximity, proximity, proximity,
Pozwać kogoś z powodu zaniedbania.
empezar lección
To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence. To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence. To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence. To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence.
To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence. To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence. To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence. To sue somebody on the grounds of negligence.
Obowiązek należytej staranności powstaje, gdy szkoda jest rozsądnie przewidywalna.
empezar lección
A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable. A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable. A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable. A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable.
A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable. A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable. A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable. A duty of care arises when harm is reasonably foreseeable.
Szkoła nie wykonała ciążącego na niej obowiązku należytej staranności wobec uczniów.
empezar lección
The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students. The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students. The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students
The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students. The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students. The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students
The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students. The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students. The school failed to fulfil its duty of due diligence towards its students
Pozwać kogoś z powodu bezprawnego pozbawienia wolności.
empezar lección
To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment.
To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment.
To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment. To sue somebody on the grounds of false imprisonment.
pozwać kogoś z powodu naruszenia nietykalności cielesnej
empezar lección
to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery
to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery
to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery, to sue somebody on the grounds of battery
Podstawową kategorią czynów niedozwolonych, do których zalicza się bezprawne pozbawienie wolności, napaść i pobicie, jest wtargnięcie na cudzy teren.
empezar lección
The head of tort that includes false imprisonment, assault, and battery is trespass to the person.
pozwać kogoś z powodu zniesławienia
empezar lección
to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander,
to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander,
to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander, to sue somebody on the ground of slander,
wytoczyć przeciwko komuś powództwo z tytułu zniesławienia w formie pisemnej
empezar lección
to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel,
to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel,
to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel, to sue somebody on the ground of libel,
„Przewidywalne” oznacza, że skutki mojego działania są możliwe do przewidzenia
empezar lección
foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable, foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable, foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable
foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable, foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable, foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable
foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable, foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable, foreseeable means that the results of my conduct are predictable
Czy pozwany naruszył obowiązek zachowania ostrożności?
empezar lección
Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care? Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care? Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care? Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care?
Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care? Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care? Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care? Is the defendant on breach in the duty of care?
Nie jestem zobowiązany do zachowania należytej staranności wobec każdego i w każdych okolicznościach.
empezar lección
I do not owe the duty of care to everyone under all circumstances. I do not owe the duty of care to everyone under all circumstances. I do not owe the duty of care to everyone under all circumstances.
I do not owe the duty of care to everyone under all circumstances. I do not owe the duty of care to everyone under all circumstances. I do not owe the duty of care to everyone under all circumstances.
W prawie deliktowym obowiązek zachowania ostrożności nie ma charakteru absolutnego
empezar lección
In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute.
In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute.
In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute. In the law of tort, the duty of care is not absolute.
Wytoczyć powództwo przeciwko komuś z tytułu zaniedbania (deliktu niedbalstwa).
empezar lección
To bring a claim against somebody for negligence, To bring a claim against somebody for negligence, To bring a claim against somebody for negligence, To bring a claim against somebody for negligence,
To bring a claim against somebody for negligence, To bring a claim against somebody for negligence, To bring a claim against somebody for negligence, To bring a claim against somebody for negligence,
odstraszający, zniechęcający
empezar lección
deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent,
deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent,
deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent, deterrent,
Sankcje karne pełnią funkcję represyjną oraz odstraszającą.
empezar lección
Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent. Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent. Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent. Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent.
Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent. Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent. Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent. Criminal sanctions serve both as punishment and as a deterrent.
być winnym niedbałego postępowania
empezar lección
to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct,
to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct, to be guilty of negligent conduct,
Sąd uznał, że wykonawca byl winny niedbałego działania podczas realizacji umowy.
empezar lección
The court held that the contractor was guilty of negligent conduct during the performance of the contract. The court held that the contractor was guilty of negligent conduct during the performance of the contract.
The court held that the contractor was guilty of negligent conduct during the performance of the contract. The court held that the contractor was guilty of negligent conduct during the performance of the contract.
The court held that the contractor was guilty of negligent conduct during the performance of the contract. The court held that the contractor was guilty of negligent conduct during the performance of the contract.
mieć prawo do zadośćuczynienia/odszkodowania
empezar lección
to be entitled to redress, to be entitled to redress, to be entitled to redress, to be entitled to redress,
to be entitled to redress, to be entitled to redress, to be entitled to redress, to be entitled to redress,
mieć wobec kogoś obowiązek zachowanie należytej staranności
empezar lección
to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody
to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody
to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody, to owe a duty of care to somebody
Odległe szkody to straty, których nie można w racjonalny sposób przewidzieć jako konsekwencji zachowania pozwanego i które w związku z tym nie podlegają odszkodowaniu.
empezar lección
Remote damages are losses that are not reasonably foreseeable as a consequence of the defendant’s conduct and therefore fall outside the scope of compensable harm.
Szkody odległe nie podlegają odpowiedzialności pozwanego.
empezar lección
Remote damages fall outside the defendant’s scope of liability. Remote damages fall outside the defendant’s scope of liability. Remote damages fall outside the defendant’s scope of liability.
Remote damages fall outside the defendant’s scope of liability. Remote damages fall outside the defendant’s scope of liability. Remote damages fall outside the defendant’s scope of liability.
Sąd zbadał finansowe skutki zaniedbania pozwanego.
empezar lección
The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence. The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence. The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence.
The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence. The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence. The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence.
The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence. The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence. The court examined the financial aftermath of the defendant’s negligence.
Skutki naruszenia spowodowały, że powód musiał ponieść znaczne koszty naprawcze.
empezar lección
The aftermath of the breach required the claimant to incur substantial remedial costs. The aftermath of the breach required the claimant to incur substantial remedial costs. The aftermath, the aftermath
The aftermath of the breach required the claimant to incur substantial remedial costs. The aftermath of the breach required the claimant to incur substantial remedial costs. The aftermath, the aftermath
następstwa, skutki czegoś
empezar lección
aftermath of, aftermath of, aftermath of, aftermath of, aftermath of,
aftermath of, aftermath of, aftermath of, aftermath of, aftermath of,
dowód ustny (z zeznań)
empezar lección
oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence
oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence, oral evidence
Ponieważ zniesławienie pisemne jest deliktem zaskarżonym per se, podstawa nie musi wykazywać rzeczywistych szkód.
empezar lección
Since libel is actionable per se, the claimant does not need to prove actual damage. Since libel is actionable per se, the claimant does not need to prove actual damage. Since libel is actionable per se, the claimant does not need to prove actual damage.
Since libel is actionable per se, the claimant does not need to prove actual damage. Since libel is actionable per se, the claimant does not need to prove actual damage. Since libel is actionable per se, the claimant does not need to prove actual damage.
W przeciwieństwie do slander, libel jest zaskarżalny per se ze względu na trwały i szkodliwy charakter.
empezar lección
Unlike slander, libel is actionable per se due to its permanent and harmful nature. Unlike slander, libel is actionable per se due to its permanent and harmful nature. Unlike slander, libel is actionable per se due to its permanent and harmful nature.
Unlike slander, libel is actionable per se due to its permanent and harmful nature. Unlike slander, libel is actionable per se due to its permanent and harmful nature. Unlike slander, libel is actionable per se due to its permanent and harmful nature.
Niedbałe zachowanie
empezar lección
Negligent behaviour negligent behaviour: careless behaviour that is likely to cause harm to another person. negligent behaviour: careless behaviour that is likely to cause harm to another person. negligent behaviour.
zadośćuczynienie oznacza to samo co odszkodowanie
empezar lección
redress means the same as compensation
szkoda odległa: szkoda, której pozwany nie mógł rozsądnie przewidzieć
empezar lección
remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee. remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee. remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee
remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee. remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee. remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee
remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee. remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee. remote damage: damage that the defendant could not reasonable forsee
przyjęcie oferty nie może nastąpić milczeniem
empezar lección
acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence. acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence. acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence. acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence.
acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence. acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence. acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence. acceptance of an offer cannot be made by silence.
miesięczne wyciągi (bankowe) miesięczne zestawienia
empezar lección
montly statements
Saldo to kwota pieniędzy, którą masz na swoim koncie bankowym. Saldo to kwota pieniędzy, którą masz na swoim koncie bankowym. Saldo to kwota pieniędzy, którą masz na swoim koncie bankowym.
empezar lección
Balance is the amount of money that you have in your bank account. Balance is the amount of money that you have in your bank account. Balance is the amount of money that you have in your bank account.
Balance is the amount of money that you have in your bank account. Balance is the amount of money that you have in your bank account. Balance is the amount of money that you have in your bank account.
wpłacać pieniądze
empezar lección
to deposit money, to deposit money, to deposit money, to deposit money means to put it into a bank account
to deposit money, to deposit money, to deposit money, to deposit money means to put it into a bank account
to deposit money, to deposit money, to deposit money, to deposit money means to put it into a bank account
Rachunek bieżący to rachunek bankowy, z którego możesz korzystać w dowolnym momencie.
empezar lección
a current account (a checking account) is a bank account that you can use at any time. a current account (a checking account) is a bank account that you can use at any time.
a current account (a checking account) is a bank account that you can use at any time. a current account (a checking account) is a bank account that you can use at any time.
Bank odmówił realizacji czeku wystawionego przez pozwanego.
empezar lección
The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant.
The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant.
The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant. The bank refused to honour the cheque issued by the defendant.
wystawić czek
empezar lección
to issue a cheque, to issue a cheque, to issue a cheque, to issue a cheque — to formally create and sign a cheque, thereby instructing a bank to pay a specified sum of money to a named payee from the issuer’s account.
to issue a cheque, to issue a cheque, to issue a cheque, to issue a cheque — to formally create and sign a cheque, thereby instructing a bank to pay a specified sum of money to a named payee from the issuer’s account.
w skodyfikowanych systemach prawa słowa mają jasne definicje.
empezar lección
in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions.
in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions.
in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions. in codified legal systems words have a clear definitions.
Umowa ulega rozwiązaniu ze skutkiem natychmiastowym.
empezar lección
the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith.
the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith.
the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith. the agreement shall be terminated forthwith.
w niedalekiej przyszłości, w niedalekiej przyszłości, w niedalekiej przyszłości, w niedalekiej przyszłości,
empezar lección
in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon
in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon
in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon, in the near future/ soon
w czasie, gdy / podczas, w czasie, gdy
empezar lección
during such as time as / while, during such as time as / while, during as such time as / while, during such as time as / while, during such as time as / while
during such as time as / while, during such as time as / while, during as such time as / while, during such as time as / while, during such as time as / while
during such as time as / while, during such as time as / while, during as such time as / while, during such as time as / while, during such as time as / while
w czasie obowiązywania niniejszej umowy strony uzgodniły następujące warunki.
empezar lección
during such as time as this contract is in effect the parties agreed the following terms. during such as time as this contract is in effect the parties agreed the following terms.
during such as time as this contract is in effect the parties agreed the following terms. during such as time as this contract is in effect the parties agreed the following terms.
during such as time as this contract is in effect the parties agreed the following terms. during such as time as this contract is in effect the parties agreed the following terms.
w przypadku naruszenia umowy/jeśli doszło do naruszenia umowy
empezar lección
in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract, in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract, in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract
in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract, in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract, in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract
in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract, in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract, in the event of the breach of contract/ if there is a breach of contract
nie mniej niż/przynajmniej,
empezar lección
not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least,
not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least,
not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least, not less then/ at least,
jednakże, jednakowoż, chociaż, pomimo, niezależnie od
empezar lección
notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding notwithstanding
notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding notwithstanding
notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding, notwithstanding notwithstanding
Skoro, o tyle o ile, w takim zakresie w jakim, ponieważ, z tego względu że
empezar lección
inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as
inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as
inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as, inasmuch as
Zgadzam się podpisać tę umowę pomimo faktu, że mam pewne wątpliwości co do możliwości dostarczenia mi towaru w terminie
empezar lección
I Agree to sign this contract notwithstanding the fact that I have some doubts about your ability to deliver the goods to me on the due date
I Agree to sign this contract notwithstanding the fact that I have some doubts about your ability to deliver the goods to me on the due date
I Agree to sign this contract notwithstanding the fact that I have some doubts about your ability to deliver the goods to me on the due date
Niezależnie od jakichkolwiek innych postanowień niniejszej Umowy, niniejszy paragraf ma pierwszeństwo w przypadku jakiejkolwiek niezgodności lub kolizji przepisów.
empezar lección
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, this Section shall prevail in the event of any inconsistency or conflict.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, this Section shall prevail in the event of any inconsistency or conflict.
Notwithstanding any other provision of this Agreement, this Section shall prevail in the event of any inconsistency or conflict.
Niezależnie od powyższego, Dostawca nie ponosi odpowiedzialności za szkody pośrednie, następcze ani represyjne.
empezar lección
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supplier shall not be liable for indirect, consequential, or punitive damages. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supplier shall not be liable for indirect, consequential, or punitive damages.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supplier shall not be liable for indirect, consequential, or punitive damages. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supplier shall not be liable for indirect, consequential, or punitive damages.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supplier shall not be liable for indirect, consequential, or punitive damages. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Supplier shall not be liable for indirect, consequential, or punitive damages.
Niezależnie od § 5, Klient nie jest zobowiązany do uzyskania uprzedniej zgody Wykonawcy w sprawach nagłych.
empezar lección
Notwithstanding § 5, the Client is not obliged to obtain the prior consent of the Contractor in urgent matters. Notwithstanding § 5, the Client is not obliged to obtain the prior consent of the Contractor in urgent matters.
Notwithstanding § 5, the Client is not obliged to obtain the prior consent of the Contractor in urgent matters. Notwithstanding § 5, the Client is not obliged to obtain the prior consent of the Contractor in urgent matters.
Notwithstanding § 5, the Client is not obliged to obtain the prior consent of the Contractor in urgent matters. Notwithstanding § 5, the Client is not obliged to obtain the prior consent of the Contractor in urgent matters.
Niezależnie od wystąpienia siły wyższej, każda ze Stron podejmie uzasadnione działania w celu ograniczenia skutków opóźnienia.
empezar lección
Notwithstanding a force majeure event, each Party shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the delay. Notwithstanding a force majeure event, each Party shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the delay.
Notwithstanding a force majeure event, each Party shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the delay. Notwithstanding a force majeure event, each Party shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the delay.
Notwithstanding a force majeure event, each Party shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the delay. Notwithstanding a force majeure event, each Party shall use reasonable efforts to mitigate the effects of the delay.
do czasu aż, gdy = do
empezar lección
until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as,
until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as,
until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as, until such time as,
Płatność zostanie wstrzymana do czasu, aż Zamawiający zweryfikuje kompletność robót.
empezar lección
Payment shall be withheld until such time as the Client verifies the completeness of the works. Payment shall be withheld until such time as the Client verifies the completeness of the works.
Payment shall be withheld until such time as the Client verifies the completeness of the works. Payment shall be withheld until such time as the Client verifies the completeness of the works.
Payment shall be withheld until such time as the Client verifies the completeness of the works. Payment shall be withheld until such time as the Client verifies the completeness of the works.
Nie było zaniedbania ze strony pozwanego.
empezar lección
There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant.
There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant.
There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant. There was no negligence on the part of the defendant.
w niedalekiej przyszłości / wkrótce
empezar lección
in the near future / soon, in the near future / soon, in the near future / soon, in the near future / soon,
in the near future / soon, in the near future / soon, in the near future / soon, in the near future / soon,
w chwili obecnej / teraz
empezar lección
at the present time / now, at the present time / now, at the present time / now, at the present time / now,
at the present time / now, at the present time / now, at the present time / now, at the present time / now,
at the present time / now, at the present time / now, at the present time / now, at the present time / now,
w przypadku/jeśli
empezar lección
in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if
in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if
in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if, in the event of/ if
ze strony jego rodziców
empezar lección
on the part of his parents
ze strony/ przez
empezar lección
on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by
on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by
on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by, on the part of/ by
nie mniej niż/co najmniej,
empezar lección
not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least
not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least
not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least, not less than/ at least
przed, zanim
empezar lección
prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to
prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to
prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to, prior to
przed podpisaniem / wykonaniem umowy,
empezar lección
prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement
prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement
prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement, prior to signing / execution of the agreement
z zastrzeżeniem, uzależnione od, podlega
empezar lección
subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to,
subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to,
subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to, subject to,
Z zastrzeżeniem ust. 10, Wykonawca...
empezar lección
Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall...
Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall...
Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall..., Subject to Clause 10, the Contractor shall...
Płatność jest uzależniona od dostarczenia faktury.
empezar lección
Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice. Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice... Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice. Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice.
Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice. Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice... Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice. Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice.
Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice. Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice... Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice. Payment is subject to delivery of the invoice.
Umowa podlega prawu polskiemu.
empezar lección
The Agreement is subject to Polish law. The Agreement is subject to Polish law. the Agreement is subject to Polish law. The Agreement is subject to Polish law.
The Agreement is subject to Polish law. The Agreement is subject to Polish law. the Agreement is subject to Polish law. The Agreement is subject to Polish law.
The Agreement is subject to Polish law. The Agreement is subject to Polish law. the Agreement is subject to Polish law. The Agreement is subject to Polish law.
przed rozpoczęciem prac,
empezar lección
prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works
prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works
prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works, prior to commencement of works
przed dostawą / wykonaniem,
empezar lección
prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance
prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance
prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance, prior to delivery / performance
przed datą wejścia w życie
empezar lección
prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date
prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date
prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date, prior to the effective date
przed czymś, uprzednio do
empezar lección
prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth.
prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth.
prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth. prior to sth.
Przed wystawieniem faktury.
empezar lección
Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice.
Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice.
Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice. Prior to issuing the invoice.
Przed rozpoczęciem wykonania świadczenia
empezar lección
Prior to the commencement of performance. Prior to the commencement of performance. Prior to the commencement of performance.
Prior to the commencement of performance. Prior to the commencement of performance. Prior to the commencement of performance.
Prior to the commencement of performance. Prior to the commencement of performance. Prior to the commencement of performance.
Czy cena towaru zawiera podatek?
empezar lección
Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?”
Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?”
Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?, Is the price of the goods inclusive of tax?”
włączając w to, uwzględniając, zawierając
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inclusive of, inclusive of, inclusive of, inclusive of, inclusive of
inclusive of, inclusive of, inclusive of, inclusive of, inclusive of
Opłata obejmuje wszystkie koszty administracyjne.
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The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges. The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges. The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges.
The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges. The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges. The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges.
The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges. The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges. The fee is inclusive of all administrative charges.
„wskazany”, „odniesiony do”, „o którym mowa”, „do którego się odwołano”.
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referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to
referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to
referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to, referred to
zajmuje się prowadzeniem własnej działalności gospodarczej
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he is engaged running his own business
Być zaangażowanym w” oznacza „zajmować się”, „uczestniczyć w”, „prowadzić działalność w zakresie”, „być zaangażowanym w”.
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To be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in
To be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in
To be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in, to be engaged in
Opłata serwisowa za utrzymanie obejmuje aktualizacje oprogramowania i poprawki bezpieczeństwa.
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The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches. The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches. The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches.
The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches. The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches. The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches.
The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches. The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches. The maintenance fee is inclusive of software updates and security patches.
definicyjna część umowy
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defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section
defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section
defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section, defined terms (definitions) section
duży sklep detaliczny, duża placówka handlowa. duży wylot
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large outlet, large outlet, large outlet, large outlet
large outlet, large outlet, large outlet, large outlet
large outlet, large outlet, large outlet, large outlet
Wszystkie płatności będą dokonywane zgodnie z postanowieniami wcześniejszej umowy.
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All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement. All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement. All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement.
All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement. All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement. All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement.
All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement. All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement. All payments shall be made subject to the terms of this Agreement.
To jest istotny warunek umowy.
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This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement.
This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement.
This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement. This is a material term of the Agreement.
Pierwotny okres obowiązywania niniejszej umowy wynosi 12 miesięcy.
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The initial term of this agreement is 12 months. The initial term of this Agreement shall be twelve (12) months. The initial term of this agreement is 12 months. The initial term of this Agreement shall be twelve (12) months.
The initial term of this agreement is 12 months. The initial term of this Agreement shall be twelve (12) months. The initial term of this agreement is 12 months. The initial term of this Agreement shall be twelve (12) months.
The initial term of this agreement is 12 months. The initial term of this Agreement shall be twelve (12) months. The initial term of this agreement is 12 months. The initial term of this Agreement shall be twelve (12) months.
złożyć wypowiedzenie
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to give notice of termination, to give notice of termination, to give notice of termination, toto give notice of termination give notice of termination,
to give notice of termination, to give notice of termination, to give notice of termination, toto give notice of termination give notice of termination,
to give notice of termination, to give notice of termination, to give notice of termination, toto give notice of termination give notice of termination,
powiadomić, zawiadomić (formalnie)
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to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice
to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice
to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice, to give a notice
zakup, zamówienie
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procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something. procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something. procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something.
procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something. procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something. procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something.
procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something. procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something. procurement: a noun that means obtaining or getting something.
zamówienia publiczne
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public procurement, public procurement, public procurement, public procurement, public procurement
public procurement, public procurement, public procurement, public procurement, public procurement
public procurement, public procurement, public procurement, public procurement, public procurement
zobowiązania umowne lub oświadczenia-gwarancje strony.
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undertakings, undertakings, undertakings, undertakings, undertakings,
undertakings, undertakings, undertakings, undertakings, undertakings,
undertakings, undertakings, undertakings, undertakings, undertakings,
zobowiązać się do wykonania, zobowiązać się do wykonania, zobowiązać się do wykonania, zobowiązać się do wykonania, zobowiązać się do wykonania
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undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform
undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform
undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform, undertake to perform
zobowiązania umowne
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contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings
contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings
contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings, contractual undertakings
eksperci wyznaczeni przez stronę
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party appointed experts
biegły sądowy
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court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert
court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert
court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert, court appointed expert
pisemne oświadczenie złożone pod przysięgą,
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a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony,
a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony,
a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony, a written statement of sworn testimony,
postępowania ewidentnie bezzasadne, postępowanie ewidentnie bezzasadne, postępowanie ewidentnie bezzasadne, postępowanie ewidentnie bezzasadne, postępowanie ewidentnie bezzasadne,
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manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings,
manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings,
manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings, manifestly ill-founded proceedings,
„dotychczas”, „do tej pory”, „jak dotąd”, „wcześniej w niniejszym dokumencie / stanie faktycznym”.
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heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore,
heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore,
heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore, heretofore,
Wszelkie prawa dotychczas przyznane Licencjobiorcy niniejszym wygasają.
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All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated. All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated. All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated.
All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated. All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated. All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated.
All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated. All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated. All rights heretofore granted to the Licensee are hereby terminated.
Zobowiązania nałożone dotychczas na Wykonawcę pozostają w pełnej mocy.
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The obligations heretofore imposed upon the Contractor shall remain in full force and effect. The obligations heretofore imposed upon the Contractor shall remain in full force and effect.
The obligations heretofore imposed upon the Contractor shall remain in full force and effect. The obligations heretofore imposed upon the Contractor shall remain in full force and effect.
The obligations heretofore imposed upon the Contractor shall remain in full force and effect. The obligations heretofore imposed upon the Contractor shall remain in full force and effect.
dzień po tym, jak wydawca otrzyma gwarancję, że martwe dzieło zostanie wykonane na Florydzie i opublikowane przez inną firmę lub osobę
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day after guarantees to the publisher the dead do work is here to Florida and published by any other company or individual
autor gwarantuje wydawcy, że jego praca nie była dotychczas publikowana przez żadną inną firmę ani osobę. (wcześniej).
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the author guarantees to the publisher that the work is heretofore unpublished by any other company or individual. (previously). the author guarantees to the publisher that the work is heretofore unpublished by any other company or individual.
the author guarantees to the publisher that the work is heretofore unpublished by any other company or individual. (previously). the author guarantees to the publisher that the work is heretofore unpublished by any other company or individual. previously
nieruchomość dotychczas znana jako Downing House zostaje przemianowana na Appleby House
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the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House. the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House. the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House
the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House. the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House. the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House
the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House. the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House. the property heretofore known as Downing House is renamed Appleby House
„Niezależnie od powyższego / bez względu na to, co podano wyżej / pomimo wcześniejszych postanowień”.
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Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing,
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing,
Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing, Notwithstanding the foregoing,
sprawiedliwy proces, rzetelny proces
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fair trial, due process of law
niniejszym, tym samym
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hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby
hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby
hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby, hereby
niniejszym oświadczam
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hereby I declare, hereby l declare, hereby l declare,
hereby I declare, hereby l declare, hereby l declare,
hereby I declare, hereby l declare, hereby l declare,
Niniejszym przyjmuję Twoją ofertę.
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hereby I accept your offer, hereby I accept your offer, hereby I accept your offer
hereby I accept your offer, hereby I accept your offer, hereby I accept your offer
hereby I accept your offer, hereby I accept your offer, hereby I accept your offer
niniejszym
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hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action, hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action, hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action
hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action, hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action, hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action
hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action, hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action, hereby - by means of this document, with this words / with this action
w niniejszym dokumencie, w tym miejscu,
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herein herein, herein, herein, herein, herein
herein herein, herein, herein, herein, herein
herein herein, herein, herein, herein, herein
jak przewidziano w niniejszym dokumencie, zgodnie z postanowieniami niniejszego dokumentu
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as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein
as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein
as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein, as provided herein
cena podana w niniejszym dokumencie jest ostateczna i nie podlega negocjacjom.
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the price named herein is final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is the final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is final and non-negotiable.
the price named herein is final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is the final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is final and non-negotiable.
the price named herein is final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is the final and non-negotiable. the price named herein is final and non-negotiable.
przestrzegać prawa
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uphold the law
utrzymać w mocy, potwierdzić ważność
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uphold, uphold, uphold,
uphold, uphold, uphold,
uphold, uphold, uphold,
Sąd Apelacyjny podtrzymał wyrok sądu pierwszej instancji.
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The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court.
The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court.
The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court. The Court of Appeal upheld the judgment of the first-instance court.
podtrzymywać zasady / wartości / standardy
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to uphold principles / values / standards, to uphold principles / values / standards, to uphold principles / values / standards
to uphold principles / values / standards, to uphold principles / values / standards, to uphold principles / values / standards,
to uphold principles / values / standards, to uphold principles / values / standards, to uphold principles / values / standards
wyrok w mocy wyroku / zakończony / pogrzebany
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to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision, to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision, to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision,
to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision, to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision, to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision,
to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision, to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision, to uphold a judgment / to uphold a ruling / to uphold a decision,
dalej zwane
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hereinafter referred to as
zwane dalej łącznie w niniejszej umowie stronami
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hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties, hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties, hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties,
hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties, hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties, hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties,
hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties, hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties, hereinafter jointly referred to in this contract as the parties,
zwana dalej, zwana dalej,
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hereinafter called, hereinafter called, hereinafter called, hereinafter called
hereinafter called, hereinafter called, hereinafter called, hereinafter called
hereinafter called, hereinafter called, hereinafter called, hereinafter called
poniżej, poniżej
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hereunder, below
na podstawie wniosku o przedłużenie umowy / na mocy wydania dokumentu / wynikającego z konieczności stosowania”
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hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder
hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder
hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder, hereunder
przez to, w ten sposób, tym samym, w konsekwencji tego działania
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thereby, thereby, thereby, thereby thereby thereby (as a result of this),
thereby, thereby, thereby, thereby thereby thereby (as a result of this),
thereby, thereby, thereby, thereby thereby thereby (as a result of this),
Twój klient podpisał umowę i w ten sposób wszedł w wiążącą umowę. Twój klient podpisał umowę i w ten sposób wszedł w wiążącą umowę. Twój klient podpisał umowę i w ten sposób wszedł w wiążącą umowę.
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your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement. your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement. your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement.
your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement. your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement. your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement.
your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement. your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement. your client signed a contract and thereby entered into a binding agreement.

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