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Culture as "the cultivation of plants" empezar lección
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was transferred to fish or oysters in 17th century
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Culture as "production of bacteria" empezar lección
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evolved in late 19th century
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Culture as the figurative sense of "cultivation through education and systematic improvement of the mind" empezar lección
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was popular in 19th century
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Culture in learning and taste empezar lección
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makes the intellectual side of civilization
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Culture is closely connected to... empezar lección
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"collective customs and achievements of people and intellectual development."
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How many definitions of culture are there in general? empezar lección
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How many distinct themes are there in culture? empezar lección
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First distinct in culture: empezar lección
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Second distinct in culture: empezar lección
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Third distinct in culture: empezar lección
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Fourth distinct in culture: empezar lección
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Fifth distinct in culture: empezar lección
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Sixth distinct in culture: empezar lección
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Seventh distinct in culture: empezar lección
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What is connected to structure as a system of elements? empezar lección
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way of life, ideas, behaviour, symbol, language, social institutions, relationships etc.
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What is the function of culture? empezar lección
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It provides guide to the process of learning, adaptation to the world, survical, success in life and control over the individual groups.
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Continuous social construction of culture involves: empezar lección
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- differentiating one group from another; - relating to others; - giving life meaning and form; - dealing with social world
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empezar lección
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anything created by humans that provides information about the culture of its creator and users.
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What is defining culture in terms of improving intellect or morality? empezar lección
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instruction and moral progress
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empezar lección
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care given to development of the mind
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empezar lección
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stage of development that divides civilized from savage; study of perfection, civilization.
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What is group-membership? empezar lección
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definitions that speak of culture as a place or group of people, or that focus on belonging to such a place or group.
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How does power show in culture? empezar lección
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Power is group based and can be political/economic. Usually it refers to countries dominating over other countries or social groups dominating over other social groups.
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How does power manifest in culture? empezar lección
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Power complements culture in the sense that it enforces cultural values and norms.
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empezar lección
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Socio-cultural patterns... empezar lección
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are not inherited, in opposite to genetic qualities.
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Socio-cultural patterns are learned... empezar lección
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from family member, groups and societies people live in.
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Cultures of human beings are influenced by... empezar lección
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the physical and social environment through which they operate.
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empezar lección
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empezar lección
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may be called culture if it is shared and believed or practised by a group of people.
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Why is culture cumulative? empezar lección
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Knowledge embodied in culture moves through generations and cummulates knowledge over time.
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empezar lección
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Because no culture remains in some permanent state forever.
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Culture is diversified but... empezar lección
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Culture is a system that has... empezar lección
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many mutually interdependent parts.
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Parts of culture are seperate but... empezar lección
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they form a unified whole.
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Two stages of socialisation: empezar lección
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primary socialisation and secondary socialisation.
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Define primary socialisation. empezar lección
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It's taking place within a family and lasts from birth until the child's participation in larger and more diverse groupings beyond the family.
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What does primary socialisation involve? empezar lección
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Elements as the acquisition of language and gendered identity.
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Define secondary socialisation. empezar lección
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It refers to all the subsequent influences that an individual experiences in a lifetime.
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Components of critical cultural studies are: empezar lección
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Production and political economy, cultural text analysis, audience reception and use of media culture
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What is production and political economy doing? empezar lección
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Analysing cultural texts within their system of production and distribution in society.
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What are culture studies? empezar lección
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Cultural studies is a multidisciplinary approach to the understanding of all dimensions of culture, from traditional notions to popular culture.
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What do cultural studies combine? empezar lección
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It combines elements of the social sciences and the humanities.
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What do cultural studies use? empezar lección
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It uses methods and theories from literary studies, film studies, game studies, art theory, philosophy, etc.
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What do cultural studies aim to? empezar lección
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It aims to look into how the issues of gender, race, sexuality, class, etc. shape the production-consumption and dissemination of culture and media.
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What are the significant issues of cultural studies? empezar lección
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an equal treatment of high and low culture
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A geographical dimension to defining cultural studies: empezar lección
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The expansion of some cultures from local/national to global and a national dimension to defining of cultural studies projects.
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Why is culture multi-discursive? empezar lección
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It includes numerous "languages".
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empezar lección
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It's regulated ways of speaking about the subject through which objects and practices aquire meaning.
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What are the examples of discourses? empezar lección
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A language of fashion, cinema, nationalism, literary criticism, video games, cultural studies etc.
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What is the key to analyse culture? empezar lección
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The key is to identify the discursive context itself and use its professional language.
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What is the cultural development of Western Europe based on? empezar lección
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Intellectual, spirtual and aesthetic factors - great religious thinkers, philosophers, etc.
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What does culture include? empezar lección
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Aesthetic factors but especially the development customs like holidays, sports, religious festivals etc.
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Christmas or youth subcultures are referred to as... empezar lección
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lived cultures or practices.
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Why is culture a social phenomenon? empezar lección
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It expresses certain meanings and values in art and learning, institutions and people's oridinary behaviour.
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empezar lección
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are not only actual texts but also practices, paintings, sculptures, soap operas, music, dances or comics.
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empezar lección
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anything that produces meaning.
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empezar lección
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To contain the possibility of a number of different meanings.
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What is Industrialisation? empezar lección
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The process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant.
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How many stages did Industrial Revolution have? empezar lección
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The dates of the first Industrial Revolution empezar lección
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The second Industrial Revolution took place in: empezar lección
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The late 19th and 20th centuries.
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empezar lección
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the method of producing goods in large quantities at relatively low cost per unit.
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Mass production can't exist without... empezar lección
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Mass production process... empezar lección
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is characterized by high volume, a highly organized flow of materials through various stages of production, careful supervision of quality standards and precise division of labour.
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empezar lección
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the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.
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empezar lección
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the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities.
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How did popular culture evolve chronicigally? empezar lección
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1. books 2. newspapers and magazines 3. photography 4. the cinema 5. the radio 6. recorded music 7. TV 8. the Web
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What was the first book written and when? empezar lección
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What was the first newspaper and when was it published? empezar lección
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The first magazine published and when? empezar lección
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When was telegraph invented? empezar lección
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What was the first movie and when was it published? empezar lección
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"Lumiere" in 1896 (in Bros. Cinema)
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When was the first station on air and how was it called? empezar lección
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When was the first TV Station on air and what was it? empezar lección
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When did the internet start working around? empezar lección
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empezar lección
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from Latin popularis: "belonging to the people, general, common; devoted to or accepted by the people."
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1540's definition of popularity: empezar lección
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"of or pertaining to the people; depending on the people"
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1570's definition of popularity: empezar lección
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"suited to oridinary people, easily comprehended"
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1859's definition of popularity: empezar lección
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"low, affordable to average persons"
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1600's definition of popularity: empezar lección
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"well-liked, admired by or enjoying the favour of the people"
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The definition of popularity from 1819: empezar lección
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"favoured by people generally"
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empezar lección
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culture that is widely favoured or well liked by many people.
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Examples of high culture: empezar lección
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classical music, opera and ballet, classical literature and historical works of art and sculptures
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empezar lección
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food, entertainment, sports and shopping
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Culture is diverse and... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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involves a set of products sorted into high, low or middle positions.
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empezar lección
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was established as a widely available form of popular entertainment consumed by people of all social classes from 18th to later 19th.
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empezar lección
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became the meeting place of different social classes in society.
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Opera was transformed from... empezar lección
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popular entertainment into high culture.
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empezar lección
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mass-produced for mass consumption.
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Who is the audience of commercial culture? empezar lección
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What are the main characteristics of commerical culture? empezar lección
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It's imitative and manipulative.
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Commercial culture is connected to... empezar lección
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Americanization of global culture.
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Examples of cultural imperialism: empezar lección
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The Disney entertainment outside the US, the spread of American-English, the globalization of US mass production models and systems.
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Popular culture originates from... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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a culture of the people for the people.
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Examples of folk culture in Poland: empezar lección
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Folk culture is not always authentic because... empezar lección
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oscypek is produced from cow's milk when it should be from sheep's milk and ciupaga's are mostly made in China.
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Popular culture is a struggle between... empezar lección
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originality/opposition and commercialism/conformity
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Reggae originally comes from... empezar lección
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poor black or Jamaican people.
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empezar lección
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spiritual, talks about serious problems, is revolutionary and original.
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Reagge mixed into white people's culture is... empezar lección
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materialistic, conformist, capitalist and mainstream.
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empezar lección
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a culture in which the distinction between "high" and "low" culture seems less and less important.
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Postmodern popular culture blends... empezar lección
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the authentic with commercial.
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empezar lección
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creates parody of reality, is full of comic book style violence, involves drugs, racism and references to the past.
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Tarantino's films split into... empezar lección
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non-chronological sections with discontinuity.
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Deconstruction of most popular film genres are... empezar lección
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western, kung-fu, gangster, pulp ficition, etc.
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empezar lección
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quotations from and references to various cultural texts from the history of the cinema, literature, pop music, etc.
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In 1948 there was a vinyl record introduced... empezar lección
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by CBS, 33 1/3-rpm, 23 minutes on each side.
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In 1950 there was a vinyl developed... empezar lección
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by RCA, 45-rpm, 5 minutes per side (best for jukeboxes).
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empezar lección
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reached an agreement and the 45 became the standard for singles.
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Reel-to-reel systems were developed in... empezar lección
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Reel-to-reel tape recorders became... empezar lección
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the main recording format used by professional recording studios until the late 1980s.
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A recorded perfomance can be... empezar lección
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edited or erased and re-recorded again on the same piece of media.
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The first compact cassette was made in... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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gave an ability to carry music everywhere, created a market for prerecorded cassettes and gave ability to record songs from the radio.
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The compact disc was co-developed by... empezar lección
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Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings.
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The first CD was commercially released... empezar lección
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The MP3 file format was developed in... empezar lección
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Napster's free file-sharing service became available on the internet in... empezar lección
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The Napster shut down in... empezar lección
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P2P systems such as Grokster, LimeWire, Kazaa, eDonkey were enabled... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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shifting from ownership of music to access to music.
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empezar lección
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gives instant access to millions of songs on demand via Internet.
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Popular music streaming platforms are: empezar lección
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Spotify, Apple Music, Tidal, Deezer, SoundCloud, YT Music etc.
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empezar lección
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a business situation in which a few firms control most of an industry's production and distribution resources.
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3 major global companies of music industry are... empezar lección
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Universal Music Group, Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group.
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Music companies control about... empezar lección
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65% of the recording industry market in the US.
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Independent record labels are... empezar lección
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companies that work outside olgiopolies: they produce less mainstream music and film.
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empezar lección
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is a philosophical and sociological movement spread across many universities around the world.
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The Frankfurt School was founded... empezar lección
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The Frankfurt School moved to... empezar lección
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United States to NYC after 1933.
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Most prominent figures of Critical Theorists were: empezar lección
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Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.
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"Culture Industry: Enlightenment as Mass Deception" is... empezar lección
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a chapter in Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer's book "Dialectic of Enlightenment".
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Products of the culture economy are dependent on industry and economy... empezar lección
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which means they are related to the interests of money and power.
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Basic focus of culture industry was... empezar lección
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being idustrialised and commercialised under a capitalist system.
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The Frankfurt School attempted to show... empezar lección
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a parallel between cultural texts and other products that were mass produced.
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All products of the culture industry are designed for... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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an item whose prime purpose is sale in the market place.
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Every work of art is turned into... empezar lección
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Culture industry uses a... empezar lección
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production-line mentality in producing cultural products imitating the socioeconomic cycle of capitalist system.
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Films and TV shows we watch follow... empezar lección
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the same recycled formulas.
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Homogeneity states that... empezar lección
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all mass culture is identical.
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In consumers goods there are... empezar lección
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several variations of the same thing.
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All products produced under the same scheme are... empezar lección
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"readable" and easily consumed.
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empezar lección
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makes things seem different when they are several variations of the same thing.
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empezar lección
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a glaring example of culture industry phenomenon.
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empezar lección
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endless stream of movies.
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empezar lección
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nobody has to use intellect to understand the movie.
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Film companies & streaming services... empezar lección
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spend enormous money promoting "bigger better" films, new bands, a new star etc.
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Structural uniformity is... empezar lección
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the "really meaningful content" of the film or series.
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Culture industries provide... empezar lección
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"a false fulfilment of wish-dreams" like wealth, adventure, passionate love, power and sensationalism in general.
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empezar lección
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a product of media industries.
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Culture manufacturing contains of... empezar lección
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language, religion, fashion, food habits, education, TV shows, etc.
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Expansions in education... empezar lección
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created greater space between youth and adult responsibilities.
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Juvenile delinquency and generational rebellion... empezar lección
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became social issues drawing public attention.
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An expanding middle class and more affluent working class... empezar lección
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led to greater disposable income and leisure time.
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Culture industries came to see "teenagers" as... empezar lección
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a leisure class and significant consumers.
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The growth of film, television, music, street fashion... empezar lección
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increased youths exposure to pop culture and alternative ideas.
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Working-class youth form and join subcultures because of... empezar lección
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their marginalization from and resistance to the class structure.
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empezar lección
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primarily working class phenomena, an imitation of the class struggle in society.
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Capitalist society produces... empezar lección
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economic exploitation, domination and cultural dominantion.
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Young people take and transform cultural texts as... empezar lección
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Youth subcultures express... empezar lección
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opposition to the generation gap.
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empezar lección
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Resistance is expressed through... empezar lección
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style/symbolic rituals or violence and protests.
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The main elements of subcultural style are: empezar lección
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image, visible manifestations or behaviour, argot (slang), particular music, visible signs of subcultural history, use of substances and violence.
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empezar lección
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a combination and transformation of various cultural objects.
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empezar lección
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the symbolic fit between the values and lifestyles of a group.
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empezar lección
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reflects chaos/nonsense of modern world.
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empezar lección
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are steel-toed boots, shaved heads, masculine posturing.
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empezar lección
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empezar lección
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Late 1660s and early 1970s subculture was... empezar lección
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Middle 1970s subculture was... empezar lección
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Late 1970s and early 1980s subculture was... empezar lección
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Early 1980s subculture was... empezar lección
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Another early 1980s subculture was... empezar lección
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The skinhead value system and style... empezar lección
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mixed the white Englush working class and culture of black Jamaican imigrants.
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The Rude Boys derived from... empezar lección
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dissatisfaction, poverty, rising unemployment and overpopulation of Kingston.
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The rude boy style included... empezar lección
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short cropped hair, a porkpie hat and shiny suits made from the raw materials of the Caribbean.
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empezar lección
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an exotic dialect known as patois.
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empezar lección
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a style of Jamaican popular music that surfaced in the early 1960s.
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Skinhead aggro was based on... empezar lección
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being aggressive and violent towards Asians, homosexuals and Hippies.
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empezar lección
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Levis/Lee/Wrangler jeans, braces, polo shirts, tattoos, blue-beat hats and Harrington jackets.
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The four main cultural types of skinheads: empezar lección
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traditional, neo-Nazi, SHARP, gay
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Female skinheads haircuts... empezar lección
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are known as Chelsea, the fringe or feathercut.
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empezar lección
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mosty white interpretation of Jamaican ska combined with elements of punk rock and new wave.
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empezar lección
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began to emerge as skinhead identity marker in England in the late 1970s.
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Subculturists share a degree of... empezar lección
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Post-subcultural generation... empezar lección
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blended all sorts of music and fashion.
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EDM and dance cultures appeared in... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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all-night electronic dance music parties fuelled by drugs such as ecstasy.
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Subcultural participation is now... empezar lección
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empezar lección
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usually followed by a slogan.
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empezar lección
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are based on visual style.
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empezar lección
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a particular visual aesthetic.
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empezar lección
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are shown through the websites. Mostly illegal ones.
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empezar lección
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the use of social sience techniques to asses the behaviours and attitudes of consumers toward particular products before any ads are created.
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famous-person testimonial empezar lección
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an advertising strategy that associates a product with the support of a well-known person.
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anadvertising strategy that associates a product with simplicity and the common person;
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an advertising strategy that attempts to convince consumers that using a product will enable them to maintain or elevate their social status;
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an advertising strategy that uses exaggerated claims that everyone is using a particular product to encourage consumers to not be left behind;
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anadvertising strategy that plays on a sense of insecurity, trying to persuade consumers that only a specific product can offer relief/solution;
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a persuasive technique that associates a product with some cultural value or image that has a positive connotation but may have little connection to the actual product;
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empezar lección
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small advertisements on certain websites (usually related to selling and buying sth), e.g. those on the ebay, allegro, etc.
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- unwanted commercial e-mail;
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the printlike display ads that load across the top or side of a Web page in the 1990s:
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enable users to stream live video content over the internet rather than through cable or satellite
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employ all platforms (internet, cable, satellite) based on the service provider's preference
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streaming popular shows from the past (now often from the 1980s and 1990s - Friends, The Office
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acollection of media products in which several derivative works have been developed in response to the popularization of an original creative work and the commercial exploitation of such through licensing agreements.
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empezar lección
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the merging of different types of mass media such as traditional media, print media, broadcast media, new media and the Internet as well as portable and highly interactive technologies through digital media platforms;
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