cortex

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Broca's area (Location)
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Left inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann areas 44 and 45)
Broca's area (function)
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Speech production, grammar processing, and articulation planning
Broca's area (damage)
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Damage Leads To Broca’s aphasia—non-fluent, effortful speech with relatively preserved comprehension
Wernicke's area (location)
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Posterior superior temporal gyrus (Brodmann area 22) in the left hemisphere
Wernicke's area (function)
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Language comprehension and semantic processing
Wernicke's area (damage)
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Wernicke’s aphasia—fluent but nonsensical speech with impaired understanding
Temporoparietal Junction (location)
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At the intersection of the temporal and parietal lobes, near the posterior end of the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure).
temporoparietal Junction (function)
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Integrates multisensory information from the external environment and internal body states; crucial for social cognition, including empathy, theory of mind, and distinguishing self from others.
temporoparietal Junction (clinical relevance)
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Implicated in conditions like autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and out-of-body experiences; damage or dysfunction can affect moral reasoning and social interactions.
superior temporal sulcus (location)
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A groove in the temporal lobe, separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus
superior temporal sulcus (function)
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Involved in processing auditory and visual stimuli, language comprehension, and social perception, including the interpretation of facial expressions and biological motion.
superior temporal sulcus (clinical relevance)
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Abnormal STS activity has been associated with conditions such as autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, affecting social cognition and communication.

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