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Paragraph 4, conditionals empezar lección
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But for his advice, I would have worked myself into the ground.
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Paragraph 6, conditionals empezar lección
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If I'd known that statistic when I was learning the ropes, I'd be selling insurance today.
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Paragraph 9, conditionals empezar lección
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Had I done this, I would have said "yes" to some great books.
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empezar lección
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I wish I'd spoken to him earlier.
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empezar lección
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I now regret rejecting some authors who went on to have good careers.
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empezar lección
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If only I'd known then what I know now.
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How do you make past conditionals? Use to talk about something that could have happened, but didn't, or should not have happened, but did. empezar lección
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If + past perfect + would + have + past participle If I hadn't eaten that shellfish, I would have been fine.
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Instead of if + past perfect, two of the conditional sentences use alternative forms. What forms are they? empezar lección
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But for his advice, I would have...; Had I done this I would have...
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Are these forms more or less formal than an if clause? empezar lección
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Look at the conditional sentence in paragraph 6. Do both clauses refer to the past? What forms are used? If I'd known...; I'd be selling insurance today. empezar lección
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No, they don't. The first clause refers to the past; but the second clause refers to the present past perfect; present continuous
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Why do you think this is sometimes called a "mixed conditional"? empezar lección
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It's called a mixed conditional because it mixes different time periods (past and present)
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Two of the phrases to describe regrets use the same verb tense. What tense is this? empezar lección
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Use regret + gerund, if only + past perfect or wish + past perfect to say we want something in the past to have been different.
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Rule 1 Use if + past perfect and would + present continuous/present simple empezar lección
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to form a mixed conditional
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Rule 2 Use a mixed conditional empezar lección
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to say that if something in the past had been different, the present would be different.
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Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in the box. take over, know, be, spend, find, cause, stay, pull, die, become, tell, arrive, win, listen, call, cook empezar lección
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Use the negative form where necessary.
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If you had (?) to my advice, you (?) in such a terrible situation now. take over, know, be, spend, find, cause, stay, pull, die, become, tell, arrive, win, listen, call, cook empezar lección
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If you had listened to my advice, you wouldn't be in such a terrible situation now.
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I regret (?) a manager so young; I wish I (?) more time in the industry first. take over, know, spend, find, cause, stay, pull, die, become, tell, arrive, win, call, cook empezar lección
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I regret becoming a manager so young; I wish I had spent more time in the industry first.
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We (?) your house if we (?) you on the mobile. take over, know, find, cause, stay, pull, die, tell, arrive, win, call, cook empezar lección
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We wouldn't have found your house if we hadn't called you on the mobile.
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Imagine if Donner Textiles Ltd (?) the company, it (?) all kinds of problems. take over, know, cause, stay, pull, die, tell, arrive, win, cook empezar lección
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Imagine if Donner Textiles Ltd had taken over the company, it would have caused all kinds of problems.
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Had they (?) us about that hotel, we (?) there now, instead of in this dump! know, stay, pull, die, tell, arrive, win, cook empezar lección
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Had they told us about that hotel, we would be staying there now, instead of in this dump!
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But for the emergency services (?) so quickly, many more people (?) in the fire. know, pull, die, arrive, win, cook empezar lección
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But for the emergency services arriving so quickly, many more people would have died in the fire.
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If I (?) she didn't eat wheat, I (?) pasta. empezar lección
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If I had known she didn't eat wheat, I wouldn't have cooked pasta.
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It's such a shame: had she (?) a muscle, she (?) the race. empezar lección
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It's such a shame: had she not pulled a muscle, she would have won the race.
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We gambled on red. We lost. empezar lección
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If we hadn't gambled on red, we would have won.
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They only asked him to the party because he's famous. empezar lección
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They wouldn't have asked him to the party if he wasn't /weren't famous.
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The boys feel bad about borrowing your car. empezar lección
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The boys regret borrowing your car.
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She didn't know you were a vegetarian! She bought fish! empezar lección
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Had she known you were a vegetarian, she wouldn't have bought fish.
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I forgot my keys. Now we're locked out! empezar lección
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If only I hadn't forgotten my keys, we wouldn't be locked out.
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I'm working in a boring, low-paid job. I shouldn't have dropped out of university. empezar lección
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If I hadn't dropped out of university, I wouldn't be working in a boring, low-paid job.
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Ahmed is sorry he didn't speak to you before you left. empezar lección
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Ahmed wishes he had spoken to you before you left.
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He had an injury. We would have won otherwise. empezar lección
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But for his injury, we would have won.
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If she had helped him back then, he would (?) helped her. Complete the sentences with one word in each gap. empezar lección
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If she had helped him back then, he would have helped her.
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(?) for Ahmed's efforts, this conference would not have happened. empezar lección
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But for Ahmed's efforts, this conference would not have happened.
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If (?) we had arrived earlier, we would have seen the sunrise. empezar lección
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If only we had arrived earlier, we would have seen the sunrise.
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(?) I known about her illness, I would have come sooner. empezar lección
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Had I known about her illness, I would have come sooner.
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I (?) doing some things I did when I was younger. I was thoughtless then! empezar lección
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I regret doing some things I did when I was younger. I was thoughtless then!
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I (?) I'd known about the free food! empezar lección
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I wish I'd known about the free food!
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If he hadn't come, everyone would (?) died. empezar lección
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If he hadn't come, everyone would have died.
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I (?) be working here if I hadn't met Layla in 2008. empezar lección
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I would/wouldn't be working here if I hadn't met Layla in 2008.
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empezar lección
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In the first 4 sentences, some double contractions are possible. Can you see where?
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empezar lección
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this conference would not have happened. empezar lección
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this conference wouldn't've happened
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we would have seen the sunrise. empezar lección
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empezar lección
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empezar lección
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a man who is thought to have magic powers; someone who is very good at something: a financial wizard
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his evil deeds, an evil dictator; evil spirits; an evil smell. empezar lección
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very bad or harmful, or morally wrong; connected with the devil; very unpleasant.
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empezar lección
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a job you get paid regularly for, and is likely to continue for a long time
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My morning commute takes 45 minutes. empezar lección
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to regularly travel a long distance to work
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The most common conditional sentences refer to empezar lección
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permanent facts, future possibility or imaginary situations.
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There are four main kinds of conditionals: The Zero Conditional (permanent facts): empezar lección
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If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils. (if + present simple, ... present simple)
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There are four main kinds of conditionals: The First Conditional (future possibility): empezar lección
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If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema. (if + present simple, ... will + infinitive)
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There are four main kinds of conditionals: The Second Conditional (imaginary situation): empezar lección
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If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world. (if + past simple, ... would + infinitive)
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There are four main kinds of conditionals: The Third Conditional (hypothetical past): empezar lección
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If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train. (if + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle)
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Zero conditional: General truths and general habits if + present simple, present simple empezar lección
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If you add two and two, you get four. if + present simple, present simple
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First conditional: Possible or likely things in the future If + present simple, will + infinitive empezar lección
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If it rains later, we'll stay at home. If + present simple, will + infinitive
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Second conditional: Impossible things in the present / unlikely things in the future If + past simple, would + infinitive empezar lección
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If I won the lottery, I would sail round the world. If + past simple, would + infinitive
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Third conditional: Things that didn't happen in the past and their imaginary results If + past perfect, would + have + past participle empezar lección
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If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam. If + past perfect, would + have + past participle
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Other forms with a third conditional meaning: empezar lección
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Supposing you'd met the president, what would you have said? Imagine you'd missed the flight, what would you have done?
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In more formal contexts, it is possible to replace if by inverting the subject and had. empezar lección
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Had I know her, I would have said hello.
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Or replace if with but for + noun (+ gerund) empezar lección
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But for Wilkinson's heroics, they would have lost the match.
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mixed conditional: use to say how, if something had been different in the past, the present or future would be different. empezar lección
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If she'd listened to me, she wouldn't be in debt now.
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regrets: use regret + gerund, if only + past perfect or wish + past perfect to say we want something in the past to have been different. empezar lección
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I regret going out last night. If only I hadn't left the oven on. He wishes he'd gone to university.
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Use if only + past simple or wish + past simple to say we want something to be different now. empezar lección
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If only we had some matches! I wish you were here. After if only and wish, we often use were instead of was. Were is considered more correct in formal English, although was is often used in spoken English.
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Use if only + would or wish + would to show we are annoyed by something now. empezar lección
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If only you'd be more sensible! I wish you would be quiet!
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